March/April 1983 | Volume 3. Number 2

ZX Maze

System Expansion Regulated Power

Understanding Numbers

Looping the Loops, Storage in REM

Managers

Accountants — Photographers c Engineers

Builders

Psychologists Archaeologists

Teachers

Students

EGLI LER

ROM-PAC APPLICATIONS HAS PROGRAMS ON PLUG-ON ROM CARTRIDGES FOR THE ZX-81

"EDUCATIONAL PROGRAMS "APPLICATIONS "GAMES

Call or Write For Your FREE Information Package Including: *Current list of products and prices *Operating instructions for all products *Sample applications | Adds you to our mailing list to receive new product news | "Updates on using the Sinclair with and without our products

CALL 404-921-4471 OR WRITE

ROM-PAC APPLICATIONS 5921-A Alhambra Norcross, Georgia 30093

Due to possible trademark infringement Sinclair Appli ications is now operating under the name of Rom-Pac Applications. Neither Sinclair Applications nor Rom-Pac Applications has or have had any connections with Sinclair Research Ltd.

COBRA RS232C

INTERFACE.

At last, a high quality RS232C interface for the ZX81 (TIMEX 1000) to connect you to any RS232C printer. Look at these features:

Variable baud rate by software control. Upper and lower case printout. Up to 120 characters per line with soft- ware control. Handshake facility. Comprehensive man-

COBRA CENTRONICS INTERFACE

The same high quality as the RS232C except for the output being via a 24 way socket. Both interfaces have the same features. AT AN INTRODUCTORY PRICE OF ONLY $50.00 + $6.00 shipping. We also make every type of lead and plugs for the above interfaces,

typical prices. 25 way "D" connector with leads for above 232 $15.00 4 way DIN plug and leads for the above 232 $15.00

AVAILABLE JANUARY.

Another first from COBRA. A truly intelligent RS232C interface. With this interface 2 ZX(TIMEX) computers can communicate with each other along any usable medium ie telephone, radio etc. Such information as listings, data strings and programs can be passed be- tween any number of computers very simply. The price is also unbelievable. For more details tick box below.

Please rush me your (tick required)

RS232C interface at only ................- $50.00 L] Centronics interface at only ............... $50.00 | | Power supply buffer at only ............... $22.00 [ | Leads for the interface ................... $15.00 | The free brochure from COBRA* |] More details of your 232 MODEM" [|

TOTAL 2

Don't forget to add shipping to your order *Please send a stamped, self-addressed envelope for brochure.

ual with every unit. Fits on the back like a RAM pack. Uses the ZX(TIMEX) power supply. Output via 2 small

jack sockets. AT AN INTRODUCTORY PRICE OF ONLY $50.00 +

$6.00 shipping.

COBRA POWER SUPPLY BUFFER.

Ever had hours of programming work lost in a moment owing to fluctuations in power or accidental switching of the wrong mains plug?

The Cobra power supply buffer prevents such occur- rences affecting you. It is fitted between the Sinclair (Timex) power supply and the computer. During loss of power to the computer the buffer will continue to power the computer with a 9 volts supply for up to 30 minutes or more. It also has mains filtering circuitry to prevent spikes getting through to the computer. The unit will recharge itself during normal power on conditions. When a mains loss situation occurs a red LED will warn the user of loss of electricity supply.

THE PRICE IS ONLY $22.00 + $7.00 shipping.

Cobra Technology Limited, 378 Caledonian Road, Islington, London N1 1DY U.K.

Cinelain Place

dK’ TRONICS

KEYBOARD—Fully cased with internal motherboard. 9”Wx15 "Lx- 2^ "H. 52 key with 12 key numeric pad. Room for internal add- ons or can use with standard external add-ons................. $88.00

16K RAM for dK’TRONICS keyboard-internal plug on...$39.50 64K RAM for dK'TRONICS keyboard-internal plug on. .$98.50

HAVEN HARDWARE

These are uncased, good quality units.

KEYBOARD—Plug on, no soldering. 37/,"Wx9"/,"Lx 155 8. KC10002 keyswitches - 90 gr. force, 3.5mm travel. Includes repeat

HH REPEAT KEY —for editing-variable speed-solders on..$12.00

HH PROGRAMMABLE CHARACTER GENERATOR—

2!/,"Wx3'/,"L. Standard letters, etc. are kept but inverse characters may be mixed or interchanged with 2 sets of programmable characters. 8x8 matrix. Written by 8 POKE ommands. 5 internal connections. Edge connector left free for plug ons........... $49.00

WM. STUART SYSTEMS

BIG EARS —6 "x5 "x2", Speech recognition system. Steel cabinet with leatherette finish. Brushed aluminum face. Connects through an I/O port to computer. Microphone and cables included. Words are stored as voice patterns which the system learns from repetition by the user. Reduitas an DO. DOLI ጃት ቸዉ ውያ አወከው ባፍ ሠቀ ዬ.ዬማ ውዳጡ - 599.00

I/O PORT & MUSIC SYNTHESIZER—Uncased 3% "x3V^ ”. Plugs be- tween computer and RAM pack, if used. 3 independently program- mable Tone Generators. As an I/O Port, the input-output is ar- ranged as two 8-bit bidirectional ports under software control. Direc- tion is selectable for each port independently. Does not consume address-space or restrict memory expansion. Full documentation ii ira ois cst ESSE o ንጋ አያሱ De ንን. att ማው $68.00

FAST LOAD PROGRAM —Speeds BIG EARS learning.....$19.50

SPEECH SYNTHESIZER—5?4 "x4"x2?/,". Self-contained. Uses phonemes. Nearly unlimited vocabulary. Comes with internal speaker as well as external speaker jack and ‘‘Big Ears’’ intercon- nection. Interface allows use of RAM packs, printers and other

UAI C ስች መቸ በ CEARA ASI cane ር ቸው ወቸው E $99.00 MUSIC COMPOSER PROGRAM—Use with or without Music TEE OBOE ጀቻቸዬ፡ር፡ Pe TOUT PARLE UE ው ቸት አቸ ያደ መማ. ፄ19.50 PACKAGE —Big Ears, Synthesizer, Music Synthesizer and I/O Port, Fast -Eoad Program. Save $35.50. cciccitelevernnesacescansaascadbans $250.00 SPECIAL—WHILE THEY LAST! AUDIO COMPUTER 16K RAM pack................................. $37.50 QSAVE—a hardware/software combination which speeds up loading (I6K 11 0 secOBs) TA E AA rd አሐደ) ኀበ ው ausu Ue EP ያረ መው፡ $39.95

VOTEM—3 "x4"x1 ". Analog/digital interface. Measures voltages and temperatures; also includes circuitry that conditions the tape signal for dependable LOADS. Requires no computer modification. Pro- be provided for temperature measurement (liquid or air).$60.00

BOOKS

The Complete Timex/Sinclair Basic Course................... $35.00 Understanding Your ZX81 ROM...................................... $20.00 Machine Language Made Simple.................................... $20.00 ZX ROM Disassembly - Part A......................................... $15.00 ZX ROM Disassembly - Part B......................................... $15.00 The Explorer's Guide to the ZX81-

Begins whére manual leaves. off..................— 3 $15.00 Tho 22651 POCKOIDOOK 1.14 urere aeereaee nas aepaa 59999 55936«ቡኔሬ $17.00

10% off all books with purchase of 3 or more books.

P.O. BOX 2288

THURNAL ELECTRONICS

This is a very well built, plug together system. I/O PORT—44 "Wx3V^ "Lx1 1⁄2 "H. Fits between computer and RAM pack (if used). Used to connect controls, sound and music generators, printers, floppy discs, light pens, data transmission, etc. 16 fully programmable input/output lines which are divided into two 8 line ports. May be used without knowledge of electronics or machine

code programming. Full instructions provided. ................. $34.00 MOTHERBOARD—3 4 "Wx64 "Lx'/,"H. Plugs on the I/O port. Used for multiple add-ons. Can handle up to 16 lines.....$30.00

JOYSTICK—4 "Wx4"Lx6"H. With fire button. Plugs into I/O port or motherboard. 2 joysticks can be used with fire button or 4 joysticks without fire button. Full instructions, programming notes

and A game are supplied, Lie ድ ውያ ረር ዳዓ as iei disn Prada $25.50 4 CHANNEL RELAY 80(3፪,...3,252:520:5555«5፡፡›።።።።»።።።።።»።»»።።።።።።።።።።።።።8።። $27.00 TRANSISTOR DRIVERS ....../,.. en eaaka sno sie sas unas ነማ ትቸ” $18.00

10% Off if 3 or more Thurnal Units are ordered.

MEMOTECH

MEMOPAK.............-..-.. 16K $55.00; 32K $95.00 64K $170.00 MEMOPAK RS232 INTERFACE......................... cernens $139.95 MEMOPAK HIGH RES. GRAPHICS................................. $149.50 MEMOPAK CENTRONICS PARALLEL INTERFACE......... $99.95 PRINTER CONNECTING CABLE.......................... ecce $20.00

SEIKOSHA GP-100 PRINTER—16"Wx9"Dx5^ "H. 5x7 dot matrix impact. ASCII standard upper/lower case 30 char/sec, 80 char. wide. Uses standard 952 " fanfold paper. Similar to Radio Shack DMP-100.

Requires Printer Interface & Cable.............5... es $345.00 PACKAGE DEAL: GP100 with Memopak Interface and cable. .................... $445.00

$10 shipping for printers in continental U.S. $15 for Hawaii, Alaska and Canada. 10% off Memotech RAM Packs if bought with at least $100 of other products.

SOFTWARE

3D MONSTER MAZE —Superb machine code program with the finest graphics yet produced on the Timex/Sinclair. The 3D effect and monster are Well dotie.... liue ው ቫለ ንት።ንና አ ቸፃኮን፣። ጋ unu qas ao) $14.95 3D ORBITER—Machine Code, 3 dimensional game.......... $14.95 PERSONAL BANKING SYSTEM—England’s best rated banking pro- gram, very comprehensive, machine code allows saving or loading of files in only 45 seconds. Detailed manual included. An excellent

DEOSVFAII 2. ችናቫ 58 ቸፍ ወቸ ጨት ችሎም ም መ SAPOREM DA UE 520.00 ZX AD—Assembler/Debugger for writing and editing machine code. Outstanding documentation. ............. 4 ise 5 መ ጋ-.፦ $15.00 KRAKIT™—win $20,000 or more. List price $19.95............. $15.00 ZX GALAXIA—Rated ‘‘Best’’ version............................... $15.00 ZX SCRAMBLE—Battle aliens.................................. sees. $15.00 INVADERS—Defend your base........cccccssseseeceescccssseeseeeeeenes $15.00 UNIVERSAL INVENTORY FILE—150 file DBN system.....$16.00 PERSONAL RECORDS STORAGE SYSTEM—DBNS....... $30.00 BUSINESS PAC I—Break even, cash flow, depreciaton, internal rate of return.

BUSINESS PAC IIl—Project scheduler—Project Proposal UNIVERSAL MAILING LIST—Up to 100 names................ $12.00

AROUND EUROPE IN 80 HOURS—An unusual program.$15.00 10% off with purchase of 3 or more programs.

SEND FOR OUR CATALOG Free in U.S. — $1.00 for S&H outside U.S.

If you produce QUALITY hardware or software or if you are a dealer, we'd like to hear from you.

All hardware and software guaranteed. We will replace if there are any defects. All prices are U.S. dollars. Add $1.50 for shipping 3rd class, continental U.S. $2.50 for first class, Hawaii, Alaska and Canada (except printers). Washington residents add 6.5% tax.

REDMOND, WA 98052

The Magazine for Sinclair users and Timex/Sinclair users

Ei g |

March/April 1983 Volume 3, Number 2 DEPARTMENTS 74 Math Support from Your ZX81................. Fowkes H inibi noA S LOTH IE ELE | Ae EIL ce Md ed ra For the math student CERT. 2. 823.0007 NERORAM ስ ከሁ EUR ደህን ሰ ፡ Grosjean PROGRAMMING TIPS AND TECHNIQUES

፡05/፡1.1...,.1.፡... ከበውን) ir ከው ot ne) meek THe PES". — 5 ues Ga er ያያ

1. eaten OT AN es LT TNI SP ይቼ Chaiet, Herriott, Hollandsworth, Osborn, Ton

S3 በጠ: nu elo ates omo aliat Cr. 96 Index to ልፀህ6(:ቭ56(5..................................

SYNC ON THE JOB 12 Using the Byte Back BB-1 and ZX81

as a Control Device................Potter and Nicholls For the scientist

14 Adding Feet andinches...................Puterbaugh For the builder

18 Managing with the 2፡81........................ Coffin For the business manager

22 Archaeological Research Using the ZX81...... Castillos For the researcher

28 A Small Business Payroll Program. ............ Pattison For the accounting department

34 MacroPhoto............ NEN Ag MU Giannavola For the photographer

36 The Sinclair Grade 8008........................ Brown For the teacher

42 Knowing Your Strengths....................Crossman

For the engineer

Staff Fonndes/FritoramChieb. 02. hoa ፣ ሰዊ ቀ ሾዎ Bo IS ት. David Ahl rR 7፡፡1፡. DU EE Wo PN og ረ ው አኬ 1. Paul Grosjean eerie Paton ew LN ILIA. LATE UN .. .David Ornstein IUE Conesipondent አርሼ ደ ee ne JEDE! Martin Wren-Hilton ይ .111(ርክኤ1.ክ፣ nee Pe? YN i eh ts end YT a Pat Calkins Assistant Art Director...........................Diana Negri Rudio Y ORELIOTR., ei SN Sach Yh Pann VIL PT riii any Be Karen Brown Mew hey 2 PLGA a wail he E AE A EN ES ERRARE oh sae Gy, ae Renea Cole Operations Manageri rs ጅንን s uius ለክ ይክ d cw William L. Baumann Personnel and Finance: -:...:...,፡::0,::.ሠ.:.. E Ld EINE S Patricia Kennelly Ute eta ey a WERE LU ENT ie ES CRETAE Frances Miskovich MEN ክመ lé we iidem ui eam ta TI ADAM EM aie Carol Vita Asvexusng Sales Manager: ee o1 0 i ከክ .፡ Karen Musmeci MEMBER

March/April 1983

72 Deleting Blocks of Basic Statements. ........... Kraska Using NXTLIN

MATH

50 Understanding Number Systems................. Avoli

Decimal, octal, hexadecimal, binary MACHINE LANGUAGE

54 Looping the 006ፀ............................. Doakes Beginner's machine language series, part 2

60 Machine Language Storage inREM............. Kump Expanding your REM lines

HARDWARE

62 System Expansion Hardware. ................ Trelease Keyboard/System Conversion, part 2

68 ARegulated-Voltage Power Adapter. .......... Hartung A power module

GAMES

TD ZEMEM S eus v suere Thomas B. Woods Interactive graphics by display mapping

80 Minotaur....................................Naehbaur Escape the labyrinth

REVIEWS

70 8K Non-Volatile Memory Kit.................. Hoffman Hardware/software review

71 ኮጾዘ9ከ!8|ጠህ18ከ0ዘ................................ Weigt

Software review

Volume 3, Number 2

SYNC (USPS: 585-490; ISSN: 0279-5701) is published bi-monthly by Ahl Computing, Inc., a subsidiary of Ziff-Davis Publishing Company. David Ahl, President; Elizabeth B. Staples, Vice-President; Selwyn Taubman, Treasurer; Bertram A. Abrams, Secretary. 39 E. Hanover Ave., Morris Plains, NJ 07950. Second class postage paid at New York, NY 10001 and at additional mailing offices.

Subscription rates: USA: One year (6 issues), $16; two years (12 issues), $30; three years (18 issues), $42. Canada: $3 per year additional. Other foreign: $5 per year additional.

For SYNC advertising information, contact Karen Musmeci, SYNC Advertising Sales Manager, Ziff-Davis Publishing Company, One Park Ave., New York, NY 10016 (phone: 212/725-4216).

All other correspondence should be addressed to: SYNC, 39 E. Hanover Ave., Morris Plains, NJ 07950. In U.K. to: SYNC, 27 Andrew Close, Stoke Golding, Nuneaton CV13 6EL.

Postmaster: Send address changes to: SYNC, PO Box 789-M, Morristown, NJ 07960.

(€ Copyright 1983 by AHL Computing Inc.

Cover illustration by Burrell Dickey. Photograph by Dennis Bettencourt.

ዕን

IEEE E

Mouthful

Dear Editor:

Don Day's *A Mouthful for Every Occasion" (SYNC 2:5) can be made to run in 8K ROM/IK RAM without decreasing the size or number of words.

The program below uses a three- dimensional string array at line 30 as the method. This is not mentioned in the manual (at least the first US edition).

To use the program, type in the lines. Then use GOTO 20 and ENTER. Next input one of Don's tables. Press ENTER after each word. Each entry may be up to 10 characters long. You do not have to add spaces to fill out the array; the ZX81 does it for you.

1e inm iwi

198 SLOW 335 PRINT "PRESS ENTER TO GENER ATE PHRASE”

12@ INPUT B$

140 PRINT AT 18,8;

ጊዲሯዉ FOR x=1 FO 5595 PRINT ÉsiINT (RNO 39? +41,8);

፲

: NEXT X NS PRINT HT 15,8,”

130 PRHUSEZ igana OQ ፲ኛ INKEY$="Y! L@ STOP

NAGRI? 0Y.HM)

THEN GOTO i320

After entering your list, SAVE the pro- gram. Then use GOTO 10 and ENTER to begin or you will lose your list.

Charles Godwin 3830 San Simeon Ave. Oxnard, CA 93033

4

Draw and Store

Dear Editor:

The following changes in J. J. Hollands- worth’s excellent “Draw and Store” rou- tine (SYNC 2:6) permit SAVEing the display on tape in 1K RAM. The stored picture is displayed almost instantly upon reLOADing from tape. Note that all underlined words in the PRINT state- ments are token words to conserve RAM.

1 REM HARTUNG 5 CLS

5ዉ፳5 PRINT HT 21,08; "KEY ENTER T m3 ፤ te

=32 PAUSE ዱፎሯፎፎወ ንን ስር CODE INKEYS£-118 THEN SAU saa iori ui AT 21,0:" INPUT NEW E

Cry? gh N*

54a pause Seu

SSG IF INKEY$-"y" THEN RUN 558 GOTO 540

. Enter lines 10 through 80 of the original listing, then enter the lines below.

Notes: 510: POKE 16437,255 is not required here or at line 30 with the improved 8K ROM. 550: Start the recorder, then key ENTER twice to SAVE to tape.

Robert Hartung PO Box 125 Palmyra, NY 14522

Rounding Off

Dear Editor:

James E. Stauffer’s article “Rounding off with Conditional Tests” in SYNC 2:4 could be expanded to show how problems could be reduced and performance improved by a change in the methods used. The program below suggests some possibilities in this direction.

I used a table of squares to save multi- plication, set the loop limits to remove unworkable cases, and substituted ad- ditional for multiplication. Then I devel- oped algebraically a method that directly generates only the “Pythagorean Triples.” An efficient method from Euclid com- putes the greatest common divisor to

eliminate triples that are multiples of smaller triples. Since I prefer right- justified numbers, I used a different method of tabulating the answers. Lastly, I deferred computing the third com- ponent of each triple until I had decided to format and print the triple.

1g DIM Stee:

2a FOR N=1 TO 28 340 LET SiN) -iNxN

42 NEXT N

5i SOR ኮ1=3 ፕር) 19 2d LET ከኮሯ=ሯ= (Ni

79 FOR M=N41 TO 26 28 LET Ma=5 {M} =122 -N2 TH

‘SHEN GOTG 1660

f:

m

nal pA Wow

oe de

Lm

LET DRA LE =DN- INT (DN/DRi #DR IF NOT R THEN GOTO 239

m 4-4 >) T

ኀዘ se 0 ዘ

ዮ ጠ ሣ oq trf n be

LE

PRINT -LEN Bs: NEXT fi NEXT tM

fui Giaodnmuudgisucdcsgmosussgsm

6 እንአ)ሩጹሥእ) SI ከዕ እን ቢኃ PRR RRR Rr je

Ma OU ኑማ od Oh CE ጐ Da ቢነ Fa ህህ ed OI OT Pe Ca fa e Ca t

tf

The line notes are:

20-30: Save table of squares.

50: Adjusted loop limits.

60: Operation moved to outer loop.

70: Adjusted loop limits.

90-110: "Direct method." A = M ** 2- N**2:B—2*MTCNCT-NEZTNT 2;

130-150: Conditional swap of A and B values to make A the smaller and B the larger.

160-220: Euclid's method for GCD.

230: Skip multiples.

240-270: Right-justified numbers.

The program runs on the T/S 1000 without additional memory.

Randolph J. Herber 1123 B Bunker Hill Ct. Wheaton, IL 60187

Ed. — For IK RAM, RUN in FAST. When the display stops with error code 4, hit CONT and ENTER. For more than 1K add:

265 SCROLL and RUN in SLOW. "a

SYNC Magazine

DON'T TAKE OUR WORD FOR IT... READ THE REVIEWS:

For Standard Sinclair 2X81/Timex TS1000

© J. K. Greye 1981 € J. K. Greye 1981

For 16K Sinclair 2X81/Timex TS1000

For 16K Sinclair ZX81/Timex TS1000 | For 16K Sinclair Z2X81/Timex TS1000 € J. Greye 1981 | X. ው

© J. K. Greye 1982

መ — um J | 3 [- For 16K Sinciair 2X81/Timex TS1000 | ኒ € J.K Greye 1981 `

GAMESTAPE 1

GAMESTAPE 1 with 11 great games for your standard TS1000/ZX81 has achieved to fit into the standard machine what others require 16K to do! Games ranging from arcade games and word games right through to an amazing machine code wallbusters game! “I was very impressed with the amount which had been packed into the standard machine” --

ZX Computing. “The wallbusters game is the best TS1000/ZX81 version of this game! have seen" — Which Micro.

GAMESTAPE 2

GAMESTAPE 2 brings you three great programs for the T51000/ZX81 with 16K: STARFIGHTER - a superb machine code space battle, with twinkling stars and stunning explosions! PYRAMID - a thinker's game; ARTIST - the ultimate graphic designer's aid.

"The gamestapes are a fine range of software. All programs ran the first time with no bugs.

All can be recommended" - Which Micro? "Good value for money"

— Computer & Video Games.

level graphics adventure that is not limited in its scope. Each level can contain up to 9 rooms, 8 passages, as well as monsters, food, gold, traps, phantoms... "An excellent addictive game which will keep you amused for hours" - Computer & Video Games.

GAMESTAPE 4 - 3D MONSTER MAZE GAMESTAPE 4 for 16K TS1000/ZX81 is the game to top all the others! Unbelievable graphics!

Can you find your way through the 3D Monster Maze, with a T. Rex chasing after you? You've never seen anything like this! “If | had to choose just one program to impress an audience with the capabilities of the T51000/ZX81, then 3D Monster Maze would be the one" — ZX COMPUTING "3D Monster Maze is the best gamel have seen for the ZX81" — Computer

& Video Games "The graphics are superb" - Which Micro? "Brilliant, brilliant, brilliant!" — Popular Computing Weekly.

GAMESTAPE 5 - 3D ORBITER

GAMESTAPE 5 for the 16K TS1000/ZX81 is the ultimate space game! In amazing 3D graphics, you battle against marauding invaders. Using

bad guys prepare to attack. "Amazing graphics effects are created as the enemy draws closer, more and more detail appearing as the

flying saucers zoom in. Another winner!" -- Sinclair User “The best way | can sum up

this game is ‘GREAT’! - ZX COMPUTING.

Plus award winning books

UNDERSTANDING YOUR ZX81 ROM

by Dr. lan Logan "SYNC readers will recognize

Dr. Logan as a major ZX80/81 expert whose writings are well worthwile. Understanding Your ZX81 ROM is no exception."

MACHINE LANGUAGE PROGRAMMING MADE SIMPLE SYNTAX wrote: "It's the best

GAMESTAPE 3 - CATACOMBS GAMESTAPE 3 for 16K TS1000/ZX81 is a multi-

the keyboard like a joystick, you can climb, bank

explanation of Machine Language for Machine and dive in 3D, as the ground slips past and the

Language beginners l've seen."

B orders to: MELBOURNE HOUSE SOFTWARE INC. Visa and M/Corders Dealer orders and queries: 800/251-5900 gg Dept. CS 347 Reedwood Drive, Nashville, TN 37217 can be phoned in: 615/361-3738 (ask for a Melbourne House operator)

TAPES: [| 26406 'Toolbox-1K $14.95

13941 Gamestape 1: 11 Programs-1K $14.95 26490 Basic Course 2 cassette pack $7.50 O 13942 Gamestape 2: 3 Games-16K $14.95 O 14026 Combat Flight-16K $14.95 || 13943 Gamestape 3: Catacombs Adventure-16K 14.95 BOOKS: 15944 Gamestape 4: 3D Monster Maze-16K $14.95 [] 25895 The Complete Basic Course $34.50

13945 Gamestape 5: 3D Orbiter-16K 26446 Space Trek-16K 26359 Super Invasion- 1K

$14.95 O 25957 Machine Language Programming Made Simple $14.95 [| 20922 The Complete Timex/Sinclair

A ወ ‹ዐ vi መመመ ወመ መወመዘመመ RREE Ee

26318 Wall Busters - 1K $14.95 ROM Disassembly $19.95 26472 10 Exciting Programs - 1K $14.95 |} 26025 Not Only 30 Programs ፡ 26284 Reversi-1K 514.95 [| 25913 Understanding Your ZX81 ROM $14.95 TOTAL: $ Residents of CA, MD, TN, please add sales taxes: - Add $2 for Shipping & Handling, foreign orders add $6: ® Enclosedis my check or money order for $ TOTAL: $ € Please charge my O Visa or O MasterCard Card # expiration date SYNC2 g Signature Name E Address city State Zip

MELBOURNE HOUSE SOFTWARE

(ፊን THE ZX E)

COMPILER

generates a machine code program from one written in an integer subset of Timex/Sinclar Basic

commands/functions

DIM

FOR/NEXT -256 variables (two letter)

LEF ;

IF/THEN -26 single DIM arrays

GOTO

GOSUB/RETURN -16 bit arithemetic

PRINT

LPRINT ; ; PLOT/UNPLOT -PRINT & INPUT in hex or decimal POKE

STOP ;

FAST modulus function

SLOW

PAUSE -includes REM generator & code move RAND routines CLS COPY SCROLL -hi and lo memory versions AND, OR (28-32k & 12-16k) NOT do results: USR program speed close to hand RND coded. program size 53-55 original PEEK INKEYS MOD(* *) AT & TAB

both versions on one cassette

25.00

(new price)

THE ZX ASSEMBLER & DISASSEMBLER now all machine code. Assembler resides 26-32k, Disassembler 24-26k

Allows hex or decimal constants, labels, origin, data & com- ments, source code in REM statements, object code anywhere.

15.00

(cassette)

THE ZX SERIAL PRINTER INTERFACE

plans and listing

RS-232 ASC | output thru MIC port. hardware cost about $10—236 bytes of machine code prints, characters, strings & listings.

5.00

Bob Berch 19 Jaques St. Rochester, N.Y. 14620

all prices include shipping * NYS residents add 7% tax ያ. ያ ሄል LEO ባነች reer

Sync notes

Paul Grosjean

The Timex/Sinclair 2000

The two questions we hear most frequently are: When will the Spectrum be available? When will the printer be available? At the Consumer Electronics Show in Las Vegas, January 6-9, Timex announced that the Timex/Sinclair 2000 computer will be available to retailers beginning in the second quarter of this year. The T/S 2000 is described as a “redesigned and enhanced version” of the Spectrum (see SYNC 2:4 for an extensive discussion of the Spectrum). It will be available in a 16K model for $149.95 and in a 48K model for $199.95.

Timex also announced that the Timex/Sinclair 2040 thermal printer will be available in January for $99.95 for use with any Timex computer. A dot matrix print mechanism with a speed of two lines per second is incorporated. The printer will provide 32 columns, complete graphics and text capability, and two different modes: full screen and program controlled to give custom control of the printing format. (See photo on page 8 on these items.)

Consumers who purchase the T/S 1000 between January 15, 1983, and March 31, 1983, will be able to participate in a rebate program. A coupon obtained from the dealer along with a dated proof of purchase will get a $15 rebate from Timex.

In addition to the standard cassette software using cassette tape recorders, users of the T/S 2000 will be able to use a new type of solid state software in the form of minidiskettes which will plug directly into the computer. No recorder is needed.

SYNC on the Job

The theme section in this issue is “SYNC on the Job.” We have included nine articles which illustrate a few of the ways that people in widely differing fields can use the Sinclair computers for their work. In some cases the computer is a handy tool; in others it seems to have become almost indis- pensable. Some users are taking advantage of the computer's ability to control external devices; others, its ability to control data — to store, manipulate, interpret, and display. As a result, the user either saves time or has information available that would be difficult, if not impossible, to have otherwise.

While many of you may not be able to use the programs directly in your work, we hope that one of them will come close or give an illustration of a program that can be adapted to your particular situation.

We will welcome hearing from you about how you are using this computer in your work.

Next Issue

Our May/June issue will be a Buyers Guide. We are inviting suppliers of products for the Sinclair and Timex/Sinclair computers to submit brief product descriptions (60 words maximum) of all their products. The deadline for submission is March 1.

SYNC Magazine

MEMOTECH PERIPHERALS

MEMORY EXPANSIONS

e 16K RAM # PL7002 $ 59.95

e 32K RAM # PL7003 $109.95

e 64K RAM * PL7004 $179.95

e HIGH RESOLUTION GRAPHICS (16K RAM) # PL7007 $144.95

e PLUG-IN KEY BOARD # PL7011 $99.95

e CENTRONICS PARALLEL INTERFACE # PL7005 $104.95

e MEMOTECH RS232 INTERFACE # PL7006 $139.95 PRINTERS

e SEIKOSHA GP-100A PRINTER The revolutionary low-

© cost dot matrix impact printer—Uses up to 9.5" paper # PL7008 $349.00

e SEIKOSHA GP-250X PRINTER The most intelligent programmable graphic printer—Uses up to 9.5" paper # PL7009 $449.00

e PRINTER-INTERFACE CABLE #PL7010 $19.95

e MEMOCALC Software on plug-in EPROM cartridge— Spread sheet analysis—Up to 7000 numbers (when used with 64K) ቓ BS200C $59.95

EDUCATIONAL ADVENTURE SERIES

e EDUVENTURE I Answer the questions encountered in each classroom until you make it outside for RECESS and the surprise that awaits you there. (Grade level K-3) # ED3001 $12.95

e EDUVENTURE II Each new situation requires either

፳፻ intercomputer inc.

HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE PACKAGES MAKE THE MOST OF YOUR a SINCLAIR 1000

QSAVE A Hardware-Software Combination— Allows a baud rate of 4000 to be achieved com- pared with only 250 on the normal SINCLAIR ZX81—Loads and saves a full 16K in only 29 seconds—Works with 16K and 64K. # PL7001 $37.95

Dealers and Distributors ከጠ Welcome -

your ingenuity or knowledge (or both) |) 39036 being የም” ” መ መጻ mmm vm መ mr e nt n mcm

sent to the principal's office. (Grade level 4-6) [ Mail to:

# ED3002 $12.95

e EDUVENTURE III Solve complex puzzles to outwit your teacher and achieve the highest scores. (Grade level 7-9) # ED3003 $12.95

e EDUVENTURE IV An agile mind and quick reflexes will get you through this maze of mysterious situations- to your DIPLOMA. (Grade level 10-12) # ED3004 $12.95

All programs use 16K RAM.

NEW products coming soon: Software on ROM/EPROM | CARTRIDGES—SOFTBOX v. A software library which can contain several ROM/EPROM programs. Plug in your | computer and instantly call any program from your SOFTBOX — A full line of software and peripherals |

for the colorful ZX SPECTRUM/TIMEX ! SINCLAIR 2000.

For more information, Free Brochure, and Special Package Discount, write or call:

IC INTERCOMPUTER INC.

P.O. Box 90, Prudential Center

Boston, MA 02199 Tel: (617) 437-1190 Telex: 951141 COFAR

Intercomputer, Inc., P.O. Box 90, Prudential Center, Boston, MA 02199

PART # QTY. UNIT U.S. $ TOTAL Shipping and Handling Printer 9.93 Shipping and Handling 4.95 Memotech Products and QSAVE . Mass. Residents Tax 5 96 Total O Check ©) Mastercard ! | Visa Account ocius acc do e eor ceri EM Name Address City State Zip

HOME MANAGEMENT

* BILL ORGANIZER Keeps track of bills, amounts due, date due, finance charges, payments made, etc. Sum- marizes all data for tax purposes. # HM5001 $14.95

e CHECK BOOK Balances and maintains your checkbook. Finds all checks written to one payee easily. Add a printer and it will even write checks for you. #HM5002 $14.95

e ADDRESS BOOK Store, update and retrieve names, addresses, and phone numbers. With a printer attached, it will print mailing labels, sorts entries alphabetically by name, or by Zip Code. Only remember part of a name? [ will find records from incomplete informa- tion. Code the entries for special purposes, i.e. Christmas Cards, Party Invitations, etc. #HM5003 $14.95

e OCCASION CALENDAR Keep track of birthdays, an- niversaries, meetings and special events. Have your calendar appear on the screen at the touch of a key. # HM5004 $14.95

All programs use 16K RAM.

ENTERTAINMENT

e MISSILE LAUNCHER Challenge the enemy by destroying his ammunition stored in different locations. # FG1002 $12.95 e KRAZY KONG A new version of the popular arcade game. This program has all the features of the original and is every bit as fast. # ፻01013 $12.95 e GHOST HUNT Gobble your way through a maze of Ghosts, Power Pills, etc., etc., very fast. # FG1014 $12.95 e MAZE DRAG RACE Drive through a giant maze 9 times the size of the screen, watch out for other cars, rocks, oil and ice. A really superb machine code game. # ፻01015 $12.95 | e DEMOLISHER Design an intelligent strategy to | demolish a growing wall before it crushes you. | #FGI005 $12.95 | * MCODER Compiles a BASIC program into machine | code—Extremely simple to use—Write and debug your | Basic programs—Enter the MCODER—the Basic pro- | gram will be compiled into machine code as you į watch. # PT4001 $18.95 |" RETURN FROM SPACE — # FG1001 $12.95 |? JEOPARDY #FG1003 $12.95 i" VEGAS # ፻01004 $12.95 i? AIR ATTACK #FG1006 $12.95 | e GUARD THE PRESIDENT #FG1007 $12.95 e SUBMARINE # ፻01011 $12.95 1, COMBO PACK I Contains Return From Space and | Missile Launcher # ፻01008 $18.95 | e COMBO PACK II Contains Vegas and Jeopardy | #FG1009 $18.95 | « COMBO PACK III Contains Demolisher and Air Attack | *FGIOI0 $18.95 | e COMBO PACK IV Contains Guard The President and | Submarine # ፻01012 $18.95 | |

All programs use 16K RAM.

| Limited warranty—Defective Software will be replaced if returned within | 50 days.—Memotech Products: 180 days—Seikosha Printer: 90 days

The Timex/Sinclair 1000 and 2000 computers, the 16K RAM pack, the Timex/Sinclair 2040 Printer, and assorted software.

LIMITLESS EXPANSION FOR SINCLAIR/TIMEX FLOPPY DISC INTERFACE $179 »:-4 DRIVES, ANY SIZE * SINGLE/DOUBLE

DENSITY * INDUSTRY STANDARD IBM FORMAT * ON BOARD DOS IN ROM ቾ RIBBON CABLE CONNECTIONS FOR MAXIMUM RELIABILITY P 1000 TIMES FASTER THAN CASSETTE ች +

5.25” DOUBLE DENSITY FLOPPY DISC DRIVES $189 za. POWER AND CABLES FOR 2 DRIVES $69 FOR 4 DRIVES $79

STD BUS INTERFACE $99 COMPLETE WITH RIBBON CABLE

CHOOSE FROM 300 PERIPHERAL INTERFACES, 60 MANUFACTURERS

CENTRONICS PRINTER INTERFACE $119 comPLETE wirH

PRINTER CABLE, SOFTWARE IN ROM

DIRECT VIDEO MODIFICATION $25 we istat S15 You Instat

WORD PROCESSING SOFTWARE PACKAGE $15 MACHINE LANGUAGE

AE BOX 18093 AUSTIN > TX 78760-8093

IENNE (512) 385-7405

or any other Sinclair computer,

you've probably discovered that the big microcomputer magazines cover only the bigger computers. Where can you find helpful articles on the Sinclair? In Sync!

Sync is the one magazine that’s written exclusively about Clive Sin- clair's marvelous inventions, the Sin- clair computers. And it's the one magazine to read if you want to get more from your Sinclair.

You'll find program listings for games, helpful programming tech- niques, hardware upgrades, math and science programs, news of new prod- ucts for the Sinclair—in short, every- thing you need to use and enjoy your Sinclair to the fullest.

In just two recent issues, for exam- ple, we covered:

O Putting a Reverse Character in. a

String [ገ How to Double Your Memory [1 Least Squares Data Analysis With

ከፀ ZX80/81 [] Space Warp: A Graphics Space

Game [] How to Reduce "Blank Screen

Time"

: f you own a Timex Sinclair, a ZX81,

TIMEX

[ገ Storing Three-Letter Words in an Array

O Software Review: ZX Galaxians

[] An Introduction to Expression Eval- uation

O Short Programs Just for Fun

O The ZX81 Parser and User-Defined Commands

[1 Understanding Floating Point Arith- metic

[1 Handling Strings from Another Di- mension

[] Book Review: Understanding Your ZX81 ROM

[ገ How to Add a Keyboard to Your Sin- clair

[1 Translating Other Basics: DEF on the ZX81

O Six Outer Space Games—With Pro- gram Listings

[1 Hardware Review: Sinclair ZX Spec- trum High Resolution Color /Sound Computer If you own a Sinclair microcom-

puter, Sync is the only computer mag-

azine you really need. Subscribe now

to Sync, and you can save up to 33%!

Just complete and return the post-

age-paid reply card or the coupon

at right.

The magazine for Sinclair and Timex Sinclair users

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Programming:

e Alternative Display e Storing Words

Space Warp

Graphics Game

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Offer valid in U.S. and possessions only. Please allow 60 to 90 days for delivery of first issue.

| | NEWSUBSCRIBERSONLY |

SINCLAIR AND TIMEX SINCLAIR OWNERS ONLY

10

LET YOUR ZX81/TIMEX 1000 WORK FOR YOU!

PERSONAL AND BUSINESS PROGRAMS: Are on cassette, are menu driven, run with or without a printer and save on tape automatically.

SALES FILE 16K:

Will hold up to 150 products with their wholesale and retail prices. — Separates and totals wholesale and retail prices and shows the amount of profit in up to 25 different accounts. — Records inventory automatically or may be changed manually. — Keeps a running total of sales tax. — Has a cash register mode which will identify, total, and add sales tax while it automatically keeps records for your bookkeeping.

If you have a printer you may print a list of products, accounts, your inventory and sales slips.

***A must for any small ከህ81በፀ955”””............................... $19.95 SALES FILE 64K:

Same as above except it will hold up to 600 products for up to 100 accounts.

UN USEIOFA larger DUSINOSS ርይ ወቸ ማረ ቁች. aA $19.95 CHECKING 16K:

Lists up to 25 deposits showing amount of deposit and date entered. — Lists up to 80 checks and displays check number, date and to whom check was written. Lists by account the total of the checks written to any given account. — Keeps a running total of checks written and the balance left in your account. — Adds interest and subtracts service charges. — Search for a check by check number, name, date or amount to find any check quickly. Prints a list of deposits, accounts, and checks.

C he TOON eos IE oL ውች ት ታያ በብድር: ውት ex oe $9.95

INVENTORY (1) 16K:

May be used for everything from keeping an accurate inventory for your business, to your personal record collection. — Holds up to 150 items with comments for each. — Comments may be used for serial numbers, dates, prices or location. — List all items, search for a single item, change or delete any item.

Prints a list of items, quantities and comments.

***Everyone should have an inventory of household items in case of fire or s LU Mim Pie, Sa Cea tb les cU par MF CERE PEROT” D ል መቸር መረ $9.95

INVENTORY (1) 64K: Same as above with up to 750 ሸፀጠ8.....›.›3............................ $9.95

INVENTORY (2) 16K: Same as above without comments. Holgs 300 foms.- ^on ro TEC ከስር ው ኤሙ UR VUE REC ሪው: be s ee $9.95

CASH REGISTER 16K:

Totals, figures sales tax, clears and keeps daily totals. Prints sales slips. *Turn your ZX81/TIMX 1000 into a cash ፣90181የ”".................... 49.95

MAILING LIST 16K: Holds up to 100 names, addresses and telephone numbers. Search by name, city, zip code, or phone number to find any address or phone number quickly. — Will sort by name, city, or zip code in alphabetical or numerical order. Lists all names, changes or deletes. — Print a list of names or names and addresses. — Print address labels if they are available for your printer.

***A valuable tool for your home or 5ህ58|በፀ88””፣....................... $9.95 MAILING LIST 64K: Same as above with up to 500 addresses. ..................... su. $9.95

APPOINTMENT CALENDAR 16K: May be used for everything from reminding you of birthdays to business appointments. — Just enter the date and list up to (8) appointments per day for up to (31) days. Lets you change or delete any appointment. — Print a list of appointments for the day or the month. Save all appointments on tape. **Keep a permanent record of past appointments** .................. $9.95

EDUCATIONAL PROGRAMS:

On cassette, menu driven, and require 16K.

MULTIPLICATION TABLES: Allows user to choose the multiplier for up to 50 problems. — A large graphic (YES) or (NO) will appear after each problem. — Incorrect prob- lems may be listed, showing your answer and the correct answer. CILICIAM NONE ርር ናሻ i er ei ra ምደረ” 2፡፡፡፡፡: - $9.95

MATH QUIZ: Allows user to choose addition, subtraction, division or multiplication for up to 50 problems, with six difficulty levels. — Incorrect problems may be listed with your answer and the correct answer. 7" Great tor HOMO OF Claes TOON os. cca illu ር ፍር 2. ewe $9.95

FLASH SPELLING: Enter up to 50 words for your child to learn to spell. You determine how long you want the word to be flashed. Misspelled words may be listed showing your answer and the correct spelling. ***Word files may be saved on !8ሀ6.””".............................. $9.95

Any three $9.95 tapes for $24.95. Add $1.00 per tape for shipping. Indiana residents add 5% sales tax. Send Cert. Check, M.O., Visa or MasterCard # w/Exp. Date.

Dealer inquiries invited. HEATH COMPUTER SERVICES 950 East - 52 SOUTH

GREENTOWN, IN 46936 PHONE 317-628-3130

MasterCard

Glitchoidz Report

A Machine Code Graphics Line-Drawing Subroutine (2:6) The program should be run in FAST. Listing 2. The last characters on some of the lines on the right margin did not print in some copies. 80: ( 110: )* PA second line: D+

360: M

Renumbering Basic Statements (2:6, p. 80) Program 1. 9991: PEEK III, not 116.

Random Walks (2:6) Line 230: Insert ; after (X+1). Block Transfers: Variables Transfer (2:6, p. 103) Figure 3. Line 130. (P+54) is referred to incorrectly in the text as P3+4. Figure 4. Line 40. (P+66) is referred to incorrectly in the text as P34- 6).

A Cheap and Simple EPROM Programmer (3:1)

The author asks to have added at the end of the section "How the EPROM Programmer Works," p. 80, the following paragraph:

As designed, the EPROM programmer will not work with 64K memory modules. The reason is that they generate their own ROM C/S signals which would conflict with those generated by the programmer. However, once programmed, the EPROM could be placed into a ROM socket, provided that the pin configuration is compatible or is made compatible. The problem here is that no one EPROM pin assignment scheme exists. To make a "standard" ROM socket compatible with the EPROM, the following modifications to the ROM circuit (not the programmer) are required: traces to pins 18 and 20 should be reversed. The trace to pin 21 should be cut and pin 21 should be tied to Vcc (+5V). (Note: I have reversed the usual assignments of pins 19 and 20 to aid in compatibility.) In all probability, the ROM circuit provided would require such modifications.

Programming the LOAD Command (3:1, p. 50) The author recommends the substitution of the following for Figure 1. RAMTOP Change:

REM 123455675901234567590123

4557890123456 759012 24567259

20 LET &R$-"o1000 44O0EDS52444D2605240EDB OP19o7907225240228540C9$5'

30 LET X=16516 43 IF ፤;በቁ=”"ነዴዬ”“ THEN STOP x35 e X,15*CODE AKiCODE ጩቓ (= 50 LET XzX-*

70 LET TERIS TO ን› 39 COTO

After entering these lines, type RUN and ENTER, LIST and ENTER, 70 and ENTER, 80 and ENTER. Then add the following lines:

ን፦

45 LET ጸጠዛፕርዌምኮ:=ምጅጅፎክ 365258 +ሯ፳ሎፎ 4P EEK 163833

198 REM NEU RANTOP -3293A

208 LET uu CRN EE- አትር 4

2a Sta cipe dua THEN caro

16517, SHIFT -SSasINT (=

ዘ፲ጌኞች “2፳6)

225 POKE

165513, INF (SHIFT 7256} 3S5 RAND USR 16516 48 LORD "LSCROLL '

=2 SAVE A dd LSCRULL ''

"n

SYNC Magazine

INTERFACE BOARD 8 channels AtoD+DtoA

“ANALOG

past 1.6 pS A/D CONVERSION TIME. 8 BIT RESOLUTION. 100 NS ACQUISITION WINDOW.

Read This First

Before entering the programs in this issue, readers should note the following:

The ROM and RAM requirements for using a given program are shown at the top of the first page of the article. Observe | these carefully.

NEWLINE and ENTER are used interchangeably.

A letter after a number shows the type: b for binary; d for decimal; h for hexadecimal.

In PRINT statements:

# : Enter a necessary space.

A (32): Use the graphic character on the A key 32 times. The underline means

8 CONTINUOUS ANALOG OUTPUTS 0-2.56V OR 0-5V FULL SCALE.

8 ANALOG INPUTS 0-5V.

ADDRESS PICKS CHANNEL.

DIP SWITCHES SELECT MEMORY OR I/O MAPPING AS WELL AS WHICH BLOCK OF ADDRESSES ARE USED.

CAN USE ZX POWER SUPPLY.

UNIQUE DESIGN ALLOWS EASY INTERFACING TO ANY Z80 CPU TYPE MICROCOMPUTER AND OTHERS.

MANY MOUNTING OPTIONS TO ZX81.

FINEST BOARD. NEWEST CHIPS.

KIT $180. ASSEMBLED & TESTED $230.

SOFTWARE EXCHANGE. OUR FLYER WILL MARKET OR FREELY ANNOUNCE YOUR PROGRAM OR APPLICATION.

BUFFERED BUS/ DEVELOPMENT BOARD KIT $65. Bare Board $40 w/connector « manvat. use the graphic on that key. UHF Modulator meas a 656655. 515 ] |

A: The overline means use the key in CONNECTORS 225 50 WIRE RIBBON. FEMALE TO ZX 27.

Inverse. MALE TO PERIPHERALS $7. GOLD PLATED.

INPUT: An underlined word found on P auc Sm, We, /ሪ Ý ELIMINATES VIBRATION PROBLEMS. መ C—"zx KY ጋሪ ተሪ the keyboard should be entered from the ሐ ሸሮ ከከ ከ...

ROW INVERSION PROBLEMS. keyboard, not spelled out. If the keyword TERM S?) MINIMUM SHIPPING CHARGE. CAL RES ADD 6.5% TA will not ENTER, hit THEN, the keyword

PLEASE SEND STAMP FOR MORE INFO. TO ORDER SEND CHECK OR M.O. OR CALL FOR COD. PRICES SUBJECT TO CHANGE.

you want, backspace and delete THEN,

continue entering the line. This memory

saving technique may be disregarded if

you have enough RAM.

=

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PROFESSIONAL KEYBOARD

Timex Sinclair 1000 Sinclair ZX-81

Enter programs and data with accuracy and speed. Individual keypads provide needed tactile feedback. Enables touch typ- ing. 47 keys, six of which are for future use. Space bar. ZX/TS key legends.

This is a completely assembled keyboard, specificially de- signed for ZX/TS computers. It plugs into the ZX/TS in min- utes. No soldering required.

An optional enclosure attractively packages your keyboard and will also house the ZX/TS circuit board. All connections (power, tape, TV and expansion port for 16K RAM, etc.) are easily accessible.

We are so confident that you will enjoy using our professional keyboard that we offer an unconditional money back guaran- tee. If you are not completely satisfied, simply return it within 10 days and receive a full refund.

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Keyboard US$69.95 Enclosure 29.95

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easter.

A NEW CONTROL SYSTEM FOR ረ ROLE-PLAYING FANTASY al ADVENTURE GAMES*

228፡፡ ኤኢ e 69

SY

Gam

€ Compatible with Dungeons & Dragons® ** Basic Games

ወ User Friendly

If you enjoy role-playing games, but find the dicerolling and record keeping a drag, let your ZX81 orTS1000 take over these chores. GameMaster for 16K RAM lets you create characters and monsters, use them during play, and then save them on tape. It also speeds com- bat and provides many other features. The 1K and 2K ver- sions provide automated dice rolls, eliminating the need for expensive adventure game dice.

*GameMaster is not a game itself, but an aid to other role

playing games.

**Dungeons & Dragons is a registered trademark of TSR Hobbies, Inc. GameMaster is not associated with TSR Hobbies, Inc.

[ 9 oe. gy g Jj 1 595 52፡ 52 :88: ፪ኛ d d ዐር ጩ፣፡ |

McKelvie Programs Specify: 168 RAM @$14.95 .

P.O. Box 53076 1K RAM ‹256.95

Phila., PA 19105 2K RAM @$6.95 | PA res. add 6% sales tax (Overseas add $1)

CheckL) MCU) ኣ/፤ዓል[ Card # Pp. Date -o25 => Signature

Name Address

The precise timing and sequencing of events is of paramount importance in the laboratory of an experimental psychol- ogist. These events often consist of the controlled presentation of some stimulus to one or more of the five senses (most often the stimulus will be visual or audi- tory) and then some measurement of a behavioral change which results.

One simple chain of events consists of presenting a lever (stimulus) to a white rat, allowing the rat to press the lever (behavior), and immediately providing a pellet of food as a reward.

During the course of a training session the rat will press the lever more and more frequently (behavioral change) to obtain food. In the early days of psychology this whole chain of events was controlled by a human observer who would feed the rat whenever it pressed the lever, record the time of the lever press, and prepare for the next press. Humans are quite easily fatigued by such strenuous regimens, how- ever, and devices which would automate the data recording process were soon invented.

One of the first solutions was the use of electromechanical control equipment. This was just what the name suggests, electricaly powered equipment which operated by means of mechanical relay closures and rachet systems. Simple logic circuits could be created with combina- tions of such equipment and quite sophis- ticated experiments could be conducted if one had access to enough relay gear.

Still, there were difficulties. Most bothersome was that electromechanical equipment was tedious to "program." Relays were wired together to create the necessary logic circuits and the number of connections needed soon became unreasonably large. As many days of work were often required to set up the equip- ment for a single experiment, researchers were known to become quite possessive of their racks of relay gear. A fast way to lose a friend was to borrow a bit of equip- ment from the middle of a rack that was not being used at the moment.

A second problem was that the equip- ment was only slightly more reliable than the human observer, although much more expensive. Relays stick, counters and clocks jam, and faulty connections appear, seemingly out of nowhere. This last is not as unlikely as it might seem, as the connections on this type of equipment were designed to be easily altered. This made rewiring as painless as could be expected, but frequently led to situations where accidental wiring alterations could occur. A careless movement or even the normal operation of the relays could eas- ily break a connection.

Randall M. Potter and Richard J. Nicholls, Depart- ment of Psychology, Clarion State College, Clarion, PA 16214.

12

SYNC on the Job

Using the Byte-Back BB-1 and the ZX81 as a Control Device

Randall M. Potter and Richard J. Nicholls

A final problem was inherent in the electromechanical equipment itself. Relays operate quite slowly while experi- mental subjects can respond quite quickly. At times the subject would have to learn both the experimental task and the operating limitations of the equip- ment.

It is little wonder that psychologists were among the first scientists to adopt the use of microcomputers for controlling equipment and collection of data. Fast, tireless, easy to program, and exception- ally accurate, microcomputers provide solutions for many of the traditional prob- lems of the behavioral laboratory. The remaining portion of this article describes a system, based on the ZX81 and the Byte Back BB-1 control module which we use to automate the study of learning in white rats. We find the system to be useful in a variety of situations in our laboratory and, because of its low cost, particularly adaptable to use by students.

A Simple Model of the Learning Process

Much of what we learn can be explained in very simple terms. We are more likely to repeat those behaviors which are rewarded than those which go unrewarded. In addition, we are more likely to use a behavior which has been frequently practised than one which has been used only rarely. In terms of these two facts we can see a close parallel between simple learning situations and those which are more complex.

While there are undeniable differences between a rat's behavior in learning to press a lever for food and our own in learning to write a Basic program, there are also many similarites. Correct behav- ior is rewarded by food in the one case and a successful run in the other, while incorrect behavior goes unrewarded. Many computers, including the ZX81, go one step farther and adminster a mild punishment, a syntax error, for an incor- rect response.

Some psychologists have chosen to study rats rather than humans because studying a simple behavior such as the

lever press and using a simple reward such as food may help us better to under- stand more complex, but conceptually similar learning situations, including human learning.

A generalized learning situation can be easily described. A subject is placed in a conditioning chamber, called a Skinner box after its inventor B. F. Skinner, and is trained to perform a simple task to obtain a reward. The lever press mentioned pre- viously is a good example. The lever causes a feeder to operate, which in turn delivers a small amount of food to the rat as a reward. Rats quickly adapt to this regimen, and most often this pre-training phase is accomplished by the old reliable, but weary, human observer before the experiment actually begins.

In the next phase of training the ZX81 and BB-1 can be put to use. During this phase it is common to train the rat on a reward schedule which requires more effort than the simple one response/one reward situation we have been consider- ing. Some schedules require that the lever be pressed a certain number of times before a reward is given while others require a certain amount of time to ellapse between rewards. While such schedules are difficult to set up using relay control equipment, it is quite easy to manage most any schedule using the 2፡81 and a controller such as the BB-1.

The BB-1 plugs directly into the expan- sion port at the back of the eight inputs and eight outputs. The BB-1 operates by POKEing values into memory locations 32766 and 32767 for output purposes and PEEKing locations 32764 and 32765 to read inputs. Up to eight independent inputs and outputs can be selected, and with the addition of user-built external logic up to 256 each of input and output lines may be used. The BB-1 provides a 44 pin card edge connector with which to make external connections.

Laboratory Example and Program Notes

Controlling a conditioning apparatus with the Sinclair ZX81 and the BB-1 is very easily accomplished by connecting

SYNC Magazine

the lever (which is really a double throw microswitch) and pellet feeder (a 24VDC device) to the edge connector of the BB- 1. To use the program given in this article, connect the microswitch's common pole to input 22B, which is the ground for the BB-1. Next connect the normally open

Listing 1.

10 REM OPERANT CONTROL PROGRAM 40 REM FILLER

60 LET A-PEEK (32765) 80 IF A-1 THEN GOTO 100 90 GOTO 60

100 LET A-PEEK (32765) 120 IF A-2 THEN GOTO 140 130 GOTO 100

140 REM FILLER

150 POKE 32766,128

160 PAUSE 3 170 POKE 32766,0 200 GOTO 40 210 STOP

pole to input 7B and the normally closed pole to input 4B. For all connections, “A” refers to the component side of the BB-1 and "B" to the circuit side. Finally, con- nect a 24VDC power supply through out- puts 2A and 2B to the pellet feeder. The BB-1 manual provides information, including a schematic and an assembly drawing, to understand the configuration of inputs and outputs for these as well as other relay operations.

The program in Listing 1, which should

be run in the FAST mode, is a simple operations program for the system. Each press of the lever will produce a single food pellet reward. Lines 60 through 90 scan the BB-1 input lines for a value of 1. If the animal is not pressing the bar, the program will cycle immediately to the second program loop. If the rat holds the bar down after receiving a pellet, how- ever, this loop prevents the delivery of any more rewards until the lever is released.

Listing 2.

Insert the following lines into Listing 1.

20 PRINT "WHAT NUMBER OF PRESSES?" 30 INPUT R

50 FOR C-1 TO R

140 NEXT C

Lines 100 through 130 scan the inputs for a value of 2, which indicates that the lever has been pressed, and send the program into the third loop which oper- ates the feeder mechanism. Line 150 closes the relay which operates the feeder, 160 simply. holds the relay long enough for the mechanism to operate, and 170 turns the feeder mechanism off. Line 200 returns the program to the first loop.

Since rats will quickly fill up on food

pellets if given the opportunity, we can

modify the program slightly to require March/April 1983

more than one bar press to obtain a food pellet. Listing 2 shows the additions nec- essary to accomplish this change. Lines

20 and 40 allow the experimenter to

choose the number of lever presses nec- essary to obtain a reward while lines 50 and 140 count bar presses until the required number have occurred. As an example, if the number “4” was input at line 30, the rat would have to press the lever four times before the program would reach line 150 and operate the feeder. While the ZX81 lacks a real time clock, the insertion of a few lines into the pro- gram provides for precise timing of the interval between the delivery of food pellets. Listing 3 shows the necessary addi- tions and changes. The new line 40 simply initializes the timing variable, while lines 70 and 110 increment the value each time the machine goes through one of the holding loops. Line 180 calculates the time in seconds by dividing the count by a constant. The value 92 was arrived at by trial and error and may be slightly differ- ent on different machines. It will almost certainly be different with other pro- grams. Once calculated, however, timing constants seem to be quite accurate. Sample runs of this program produce time

Listing 3.

Insert the following lines into Listing 2.

40 LET T-0

70 LET ፲=፲+1 110 LET T-T-l 180 LET S-T/92 190 PRINT S;"#"';

values almost perfectly correlating with an external .01 second stopclick. One important consideration in producing con- sistant time values is to equalize run times for each loop of the program. This pro- gram happens to have equivalent loops, but in other situations REM statements may be added to equalize the loops.

In order to keep the memory require- ments as small as possible, we chose to use the display file as a storage area for computed time values. If you have more than 1K RAM, it is probably best to dimension a variable to hold output values. In this way data could be SAVEd at the end of a session without having to be copied from the screen.

Control of equipment using the ZX81 and the BB-1 is obviously not limited to the simple situations presented here nor exclusively to laboratory applications. Many control tasks, from laboratory appli- cations to the operation of devices in the home to hobby uses can be accomplished using computer controllers. The ZX81 and BB-1 are an excellent combination, offering flexibility and low cost when used in replacement of older equipment in the laboratory and can provide considerable control options in home or hobby use. ኞ

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13

SYNC on the Job

Adding Feet and Inches

John C. Puterbaugh

Despite all the glamour that has been given to the metric system in the past few years, there are still some areas of endeavor in which the English system shows no sign of being replaced, at least in America. As an engineer working in the building industry, I am involved in one of those. A few of us are lucky enough to still have an old-fashioned calculator filled with cams and levers, but I have spent untold hours with pen- cil and paper adding feet and inches and eighths. So I have been looking for a way to automate that is simple and cost- effective, and I have found it in the ZX81.

The first requirement for such a pro- gram is that it respond quickly enough that the user does not become frustrated waiting for the answer to flash up on the screen. I also wanted the program to be simple and comprehensible, because I want to be able to add to it the ability to do further processing on the dimensions that have been keyed in. It turns out that with a little attention paid to program layout, Basic does the job.

The program assumes the following conventions: dimensions are entered in feet, inches and eighths. Fractions involving sixteenths and beyond are not used. A dimension 12” or larger is ex- pressed in terms of feet and inchies. For example, 16" is expressed as 1'4". How- ever, this last can be changed, as noted later in the article.

The way of entering dimensions is best shown by the examples in Figure 1. Feet are separated from inches by a period. Whole inches and then the fraction are keyed without a hyphen or slash; 5-1/2" becomes simple .512. If there are no whole inches, only the fraction need be entered. Thus .14 is understood to be 1/4" (not 14"). If the dimension is to be

John C. Puterbaugh, 788 Yale Ave., St. Louis, MO 63130.

14

subtracted, it is preceded by M. (A mi- nus sign could have been used, but’ mi- nus is a shifted character and therefore

less convenient.)

To start the program simply hit RUN; the two double quotation marks with in- verse L cursor between will appear to re- ceive the first dimension. As each dimension is entered it will be inter- preted and printed on the screen. To see the total hit ENTER (a null string). The total is really a subtotal; it is not cleared,

Figure 1. ENTER UNDERSTOOD

TO

MEAN 3/4 54” 4; 42 4ሸ“ህ-ተ/ድ*ዖ 6.10 “ማቶ. 1.738 l^7-3/8" 2.14 EE HEAT .18 0'0-1/8* 154 154 ' - 0" MI2.6 =1e 6" M.958 -0*9-5/8"

and additional dimensions may be added or subtracted. The total is printed with an asterisk and may be negative. Enter C to clear the total and the screen. To stop the program delete the left double quota- tion mark and substitute STOP. If Basic stops the program due to faulty input, it may be restarted without losing the total by entering GOTO 140.

Since Basic locates a given line by searching from the top, the subroutines that interpret the dimensions have been placed first so as to minimize the time spent in the search. (RETURN is done directly without a search.) There are also no REM statements to slow things down. The program actually begins at line 110—Line 5 could be eliminated with a very small increase in speed if one remembers to always start with RUN 110. Personally, I have trouble with this, so I have included line 5.

8K ROM;2K RAM

Because of line 310, lines 10, 20, 30 and 40 must have those numbers and no other. Line 150 is the only input instruc- tion in the program. If it is desired to process dimensions in a new program segment, the test for the new instruction should be placed around lines 170 and 180.

Lines 240 through 260 locate the pe-

riod, if any. If there is no period, then the dimension is all feet and we are ready to print. If a period is found, the feet are placed in X and the feet and pe- riod are chopped off the string at line 300. This leaves from 1 to 4 digits remaining. . If there is one digit, it is whole inches 0-9. If there are three digits, they are whole inches 0-9 plus a fraction of two digits. If there are four digits, they are whole inches 10-11 plus a fraction of two digits. If there are two digits, they may be whole inches 10-11 or a fraction with no whole inches. This separation is made at line 20. 10 or 11 will lead to line 10 whereas 18, 14, 38, 12, 58, 34, or 78 will lead to line 21. If it is desired to be able to input numbers of inches larger than 11, then things can be rearranged so that two digits always lead to line 10. In this case, a dimension of 1/2", for example, will have to be entered .012 which re- quires an extra keystroke.

RETURNing to line 320, we are now ready to PRINT. Since the ZX81 character set does not include an apos- trophe, the graphic on the 1 key has been used instead. I find that this reads very well. The extra PRINT statement at line 350 is required to end the line should there be no fraction; accordingly there is a semicolon at the end of line 80 also. The dimension is added to the total at line 380, and we are ready for the next command.

Line 400 sets W equal to the total and calls the PRINT routine which begins at line 440. This has been made a sub- routine so that future program segments can use it to PRINT dimensions in the standard format. To use the subroutine, set W equal to the desired dimension in decimal inches and GOSUB 440. The as- terisk could be turned on and off in a string variable if it were not appropriate for all calls to 440.

PRINTing of the fraction associated with the total is done by pointing to the appropriate characters in 85. The

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1 REM ENG 220 LET Y=0 GOTO 18 z250 LET N-9

326 LET Y-URL AS 240 FOR I-1 TO LEN fif

11 RETURN 258 IF Akt I} =". THEN GOTO =ኳፎ 20 IF VAL AK<12 THEN GOTO 16 260 NEXT I 21 LET N=VAL AG(1} 225 LET XzURHL AE 22 LET D=VAL R$t(2) 280 GOTO 3209 23 RETURN 280 IF I»1 THEN LET X=VAL Agi T

28 LET Y=VAL AS$(1) © ፲፦ሏ) 31 LET N=VAL AG (=) =5ዉ LET ጸቁ=ጓጩቁ፤፣፲ተ+3 TO ን 32 LET D=VAL AIS) 210 GOSUB ዒ6ፋኒ.ሮጀ414 A$ 22 RETURN 520 IF 5 THEN PRINT “|j Fiore d ናው በ. በ 4@ LET Y=VAL AG( TO 2) 22 PRINT X; “S “iYi 41 LET N=VAL AG(S} 3448 IF N THEN GOSUB ee VARIABLES 48 LET D-URL R$£t(4) 2508 PRINT 24, 43 RETURN 560 LET U-zli2rX-«r 508 LET S=1 578 IF 5 THEN LET ዜ= AS INPUT STRING 50 LET ጸቁ=ፀይቁ (2 TO ) 38e LET ፐ=ፐ ፋህ BS IMAGES OF FRACTIONS 20 a INI AUID 39e GOTO ከመ X FEET 36 LET vY-Y4N7D : 420 GOSUB 448 Y WHOLE INCHES; DECIMAL INCHES 100 RETURN | rid > 426 GOTO 1460 N NUMERATOR; 4*NUMBER OF EIGHTHS „340 LET Es- -1;8-174-3/8-1/8-57 449 LET SOENT (2722) D DENOMINATOR “26 LET ፐ=ወ 46@ LET 'ሮ=2--3=2 ዬ: Z DIMENSION IN INCHES; ise CLS MU UN Zzv INT Y Ges FRACTION EXPRESSED AS DECIMAL tee One n$ 466 Tete 0522 tur Y: -. W LAST DIMENSION DISPLAYED 160 FAST S500 IF NOT 2 THEN GOTO 5490 (DECIMAL INCHES) 170 IF Af="" THEN GOTO 466 &10 LET N=INT (32#Z+.1) S SIGN: 9 = * | =፦ "=ዌ IF A$=“C“ THEN GOTO 120 =26 PRINT B$íN-3 TO N);" =" 1 TOTAL (DECIMAL INCHES) 190 LET S=@ une Soe Re lax Soa ] COUNTER Zee ት Kim Hh MER SENE OT 550 RETURN cinter is sünetited i Eme 510. The L Line notes: 200: Is this a subtraction? " rere eue d au pti dod " 10: Whole inches only. 240: Find location of period. e hard 9 ye ups » uU. 20: 2 digits to right of period. 270: No period; whole feet only. P s VR PORA spere 21: Fractional inches only. 290: Extract feet. sc: Ih the t4 r ር ዝን ከ E ክር 30: 3 digits: 0-9 inches plus fraction. 300: Chop off feet and period. p- a ርከን... ነሻ... 40: 4 digits: 10 or 11 inches plus 310: Len A$ equals 1, 2, 3, or 4. will be very slightly less than the correct fracti 230: Graphic on 1 value, and the wrong characters will be እ ን cca PRINTe d in line 520 50: Set up for subtraction. 340: Print fraction if any. ን ከፊ ree m 80: Print fraction. 400: Print total. Cris ንን... 110: Initialize. 440: Subroutine to PRINT W. are shown in Figure 2. After each addi- 150: Next command 490: Graphic on 1 PNE M W ይ s nie 170: Does user want total? 510: PRINT the fraction. EO በን TE ቸር ae 180: Does user want to clear? 540: No fraction.

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SYNC on the Job

8K ROM; 16K RAM

Managing with the ZX81

The ZX81 with its full range of mathematical functions lends itself admirably to a variety of statistical tasks to aid businessmen in their work. An ob- vious field is operational (or operations) research. Few managers are likely them- selves to be expert in the techniques of this powerful aid to effective manage- ment, or ever to want to apply linear programming or queuing theory (for example) to their problems. They will turn to specialists to advise them on such methods. But they may neverthe- less appreciate that there are many situa- tions in the daily management of their businesses where the use of simple statis- tical tests could enable them to identify a problem-or at least to know whether they had a problem or not.

Take the case of the production man- ager, for instance, whose plant is turning out its daily quota of widgets. He has been making strenuous efforts to im- prove productivity, and is watching the output figures anxiously day by day. When can he be sure that they truly re- flect a significant improvement in the av- erage achieved last month?

Or consider the sales director, review- ing the performance of the salesmen responsible for the two areas under his control. Their weekly totals of orders booked during the last three months fluctuate sharply, so that looking at the bare figures he cannot make up his mind whether it is Brown or Smith that has the better record recently. Is there a significant difference between the two sets of figures?

Or take, finally, the marketing man in charge of a product launch. He has staked his future with the company on the success of the new line, so he is des- perate to show that his carefully planned campaign is paying off, and that the long haul into profitability for the product is under way. How can he demonstrate to the satisfaction of the board that this is 50, and that there is a significant upward trend in sales and, hopefully, profits?

The program below, written for a ZX81 with 16K RAM, is designed to an- swer these and similar questions. It is, in

C. E. Coffin, 54 Cambridge Ave., New Malden, Surrey, England.

18

C. E. Coffin

fact, a suite of five programs linked to- gether, with an initial menu to enable the user to choose from among them. It is based on a series of rapid statistical tests devised by Eric Duckworth, a noted writer on operational research. Having chosen the test appropriate to his requirement, the user is prompted to enter the crude data at his disposal. The ZX81 tests this, makes the necessary calculations, and prints out an unequivo- cal message saying whether the result is statistically significant or not. "Significant" has a meaning that is quite precise in this context, as applying to an event that would only rarely (once

in twenty times, in fact) happen by chance. As Duckworth points out, this is a smaller probability than that of getting four “heads” with successive tosses of a coin, so that the tests in the program can be generally relied on to interpret fairly the data supplied. The sample runs shown with the listing indicate the way the program works, but for those who need more detail the following descrip- tions of the tests may be useful.

Test 1: Significance of a Mean

The user enters the previous average when invited to do so, then the number of items in the new sample (which pro- vides the subscript for an array to hold the data). Finally, the items in the sam- ple are entered individually and dis- played on the screen. The computer does not calculate a new average, though it could, of course, easily be programmed to do so. Instead, it notes how many fig- ures are higher, and how many are

lower, than the first average (ignoring any that are equal to it). It then cal- culates the sum of the two totals thus obtained and the difference between them: the rule for significance at the 1 in 20 level is that the difference must be greater than twice the square root of the sum.

If the ZX81 finds no significant change has occurred, it applies a further simple rule to tell the user how many more items of data are needed before a retest can usefully be carried out. (The relevant part of the program is lines 1230-1280, and if desired these could be adapted and added as a subroutine in tests 2-4.) This message is, however, omitted if more than 100 additional items would be needed—which would imply that the result of the initial test was far from significant.

Test 2: Significance of the Difference between Two Means

A test similar to the first can be used to determine whether two groups of fig- ures differ significantly: for example, weekly orders taken by two salesmen. For the test to be meaningful, there must be at least five items in each group, and both groups must, of course, contain the same number of items. If there is a significant difference between the two, the computer will say whether the first sample is greater or less than the second.

Test 3: Test for a Trend

This test should tell our marketing man whether his new product is going to advance his career, or whether he should resign before he is asked to go. To apply the test, he will need to collect a series of at least 15 figures, which are then en- tered one by one when the computer asks for them. If they show a significant trend, the computer will show its direc- tion, up or down.

Test 4: Test for Association

It is sometimes desired to find out whether there is a regular connection, or correlation, between two groups of num- bers. Is the proportion of widgets found to be faulty, on inspection by quality control, rising as production goes up, for example? The total number of data items from samples (of equal size) of the two series of figures is entered, and then the items are input individually. The pro- gram (lines 4070-4250) counts the num- ber of pairs of figures in which both members of the pair are higher or lower than the average of the series to which they are related. From the number thus arrived at, the number of pairs in which one figure is higher and one is lower than the respective average is subtracted. If the difference is greater than the square root of half the total number of

SYNC Magazine

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data items, the computer confirms that there is a significant association between the two series.

Test 5: Finding a Foreigner Occasionally a series of numbers in- cludes one that seems a “foreigner,” out of line with the rest. Is it a random aberration, or should the manager sus- pect it, and decide that closer investiga- tion is needed? The test applied here (lines 5000-5240) is to calculate the ra- tion between the ranges of the largest and smallest numbers in the group—first without the “foreigner,” and then with it included. If the ratio is less than 1:2, then the “foreigner” does not belong to the group, and some abnormality should be looked for in the conditions under which it was produced. The program as- sumes that the largest number in the group does not exceed 100,000; if larger

numbers than this are likely to be met with, line 5050 should be altered. Salesmen of computer systems are fond of claiming that their products are "menu-driven," and especially "'user- friendly." Perhaps this early attempt at

writing business software for the ZX81 that merits both these adjectives will in- spire others to develop more sophis- ticated ways of using this versatile little machine as the basis of statistical sys- tems for managers. "s

18 REM STATISTICAL TESTS 20 REM FOR MANAGERS 28 REM (ር) ር E COFFIN. 1981

40 LET D=0 S@ LET 5-0

ሯሙ=6 70 LET S#=“SIGNIF ICANT 288 PRINT TASB ?;"STHTISTICRL TE

148 GOSUB 400

170 PRINT AT 19,2." tENTER NUHBE R FROM MENU; “

200 INPUT x

2180 IF X<i OR X>5 THEN GOTO 200

CLS 240 GOTO X+#isse 460 REM MENU DISPLRY

jz" SIGNIFICANCE OF =" DIFFERENCE BETU 44@ LET M&$(3)=" TEST FOR A TREN PASS LET MS(4) =" TEST FOR ASSOCI 458 LET M$(5)}=" FINDING A FOREI

i A MEAN"

438 LET M¢i2 EZN TUO MEANS“

700 PRINT TAB 13; "-—------. s"

710 RETURN 1998 REM SIGNIFICANCE OF A MEAN 1005 PRINT TAB 4;:M$(1) 3296 GOSUB 700 AT 6.4; "ENTER PREUIQU

a 15223 PRINT TARE 14:8 1049 PRINT AT 36.6. “ENTER NO. OF ITEMS IN NEU SAMPLE 189850 PRINT AT 11.124; 18690 GOSUE 6000 487278 PRINT AT 24.2: "NON ENTER IN DIUIDURL ITEMS“ io50 FOR L-1 TO T 19390 SCROLL 4108 INPUT NtIL) 1110 PRINT N(ÍLJ 1120 IF NttL3} «A THEN LET «adti i130 IF Nit} A THEN LET K=K+i 1140 NEXT ኒ. 11590 GOSUB 1500 1170 CLS i180 PRINT AT 5.0." THERE IS “i 1190 IF ሯ‹‹=ሯ THEN ERINT "NO T E 45233 PRINT 23$." CHANGE" Gforce. TRE 5; “tAF 3 IN 290 LE አጂ IF O=8 OR DoZ. THEN GOTO ይ=2

i230 LET E-INT ttt2xz9$)-D) ££#2)-5 1256 IF ፎ›ወ AND E:180 THEN GOTO i2

1950 GOTO 5509

3259. PRINT AT 10.7;"FOR REPEAT T

a L278 PRINT “MORE ITEMS OF DATA &

RI NEEDED"

1230 GOTO 55008

15@@ LET S=JU+K

1310 LET 2=2tS0R 2 i520 LET 5=ጸጅ5፡= {J-A} i530 RETURN

8828 REM DIFFERENCE BETWEEN TUO 2395 PRINT TAG 3.:11ቁ(‹=)

2018 GQSUB 700

2535 PRINT AT 6.2: "NO. OF ITEMS IN EACH SAMPLE“

2920 PRINT TAB 9;“ ‘(AT LEAST 537

2830 GOSUB 690990

2230 PRINT AF 168.1: “NOW ENTER ON

E ITEM FROM EACH "

zoog PRINT TRAE 7?7,"5datiPLE RT A TI

23909 DIM RIT;

ied FOR L-1 TO T

2130 SCROLL

140 INPUT NÍL.

150 INPUT RiL;

2590 PRINT NiLi .RtL?

170 IF Nit} ፦፳፤1.)) THEN LET Jad 325 IF Nitti cRthLs THEN LET ኮ=ኮ 190 NEXT L

alg GOSUE 1509

'-፦

»

S250 IF O32 THEN GOTO 23080

a260. PRINT "NOT ";9$:"LY DIFFERE

z270 GOTO 2359

2300 IF J>K THEN PRINT TAB 2:58: “LY GREATER THAN"

#2318 IF J«H THEN PRINT TAB 2, S$: "LY LESS THAN”

#23592 PRINT TAE 10."zNHD 2A0MHPLE" 2360 GOTO £599

220235 REM TEST FOR fA TREND

S885 PRINT TARE ES: M8651}

S219 GOSUE 700

3915 PRINT AT 5,.5;"NO. OF ITEMS iH SAMPLE“

2820 PRINT TAB 7;"tHT LEAST 153 7

28390 GOSUS 6989

3940 LET Ti=INT iT +33

3850 PRINT HT 12,5; ENTER ITEMS ONE BY. ONE

z230 INPUT NtIL2) 28902 PRINT ከክ (ኪን) S288 NEXT L

3280 IF J«K THEN PRINT TAB 19; ”ፒ $290 PRINT “VARDS"

S350 PRINT "NOT “iS

$366 GOTO 65086

43@@ REM TEST FOR ASSOCIATION 4301 PRINT TAB ፎ,; ኮሕ (4)

£802 GOSUB 7839

48365 PRINT AT ሦሮ. ሯ፳,ረ “SAMPLES MUST SE OF EGURHL SIZE-

4610 PRINT TAB 4: “TOTAL NO. OF i TENS: ra ፤

4o20 GOSUE 6699

4.22 LET TOT1-O

4ሯ4ዱወ LET TOTS=

+i EL

CLS 240 PRINT AT =.9, “15T SAMPLE ፲=

32118 CLS

3igea LET G-T-T1

532 FOR P=1 TO Ti

2190 IF NíÍP)«NIGO) THEN LET J-J«1 3198 IF ኮከ4(ሮ) ኑነከ8(ህ)) THEN LET ኮ=ኮኪተ3 S200 LET ከ=ክተ+3

3210 NEXT P

2220 CLS

S230 LET Y-2xi2QR T1)

3240 PRINT HT 5,.3;" TREND IS "; SERM IF ABS tJj-K)«-vY THEN GOTO 3 2250 PRINT $4$."LY"

3270 IF J»K THEN PRINT TAB 128; ”ህ

4850 PRINT AT 11. ወ; “ENTER ONE ፲ገ EM FROM EACH SANPLE™

4050 PRINT TAB 33, “RT A TIME" 4970 LET P-1

$1630 LET በህን=ፐርገፕፐፕ3ሪሂፕ -2} 4130 LET Aau2-TOT2.iT.a2i

4210 FOR Q-2 i10 T STEP 2

4220 IF {{N{P} (AVI? AND IN(QD «RU 230) OR (4፤ኮከ‹(ን RVI] AND (NO) ANZ !] THEN LET .ዌ)=.፤4ተ3

4225 LET ኩኮ= ፤ኘ ሥጃን -a

4230 IF iN {P} =ጠህፍ3ነ፣ OR (ኮ!(1ቄን (AVZ; THEN LET ኮአ=ኪ-ሏ

4249 LET P=P +2

4250 NEXT ቁ 42690 LET Zz2xíi5QR (T2333

4270 PRINT AT Z2. 10; "THERE ጋር A 49580 IF ABS (J-ÉK)c-Z THEN GOTO 4

i298 PRINT “ይ”

4310 PRINT "NO" 4320 PRINT TAS 4:5%:° ASSOCIATIO

330 PRINT TRE 4; “GETWEEN THE Ti} 2 SAMPLES“

4340 GOTO 55906

229233 REM FINDING A FOREIGNER 5095 PRINT TAB 5:;M$15)

S896 GOSUB FOGO

252383 PRINT AT 7.5: "NO. OF ITEMS IN SAMPLE“

S015 PRINT TAB 5."iuitHGUT FOREI GNERE? “;

S@2@ GOSUB ይወፎፎ

S233 PRINT

38049 PRINT AT 11.1: ENTER ITEMS iWITHOUG FOREIGNÉR)"

5050 LET H-100000

HEN LET J=N tL} HEN LET HKzNÍLJj

ሣሣ

S170 LET Yi=s=ABS tJ-H!)

Sigg IF J«F THEN LET J=F

3190 IF K>F THEN LET K=F

35195 LET Y2=ABS IiJ-H)

2200 PRINT AT 12,5.F:" IS";

5210 IF vY2.Y1:2 THEN soto 5290 S220 PRINT “ HOT";

5230 PRINT “ RA FOREIGNER"

S240 GOTO oe

S000 INPUT

252010 PRINT T

2920 DIM !4፤ፕፐን

5030 LET J-üa

5040 LET H-G

59050 RETURN

229235). PRINT AT 19.2:"tHIT M TO FE TURN TO MENU?"

S519 PAUSE ፊፊ

6529 IF CODE INHKEY$&-50 THEN GOTS

5 $9538 STOP

SYNC Magazine

=a

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SYNC on the Job

Archaeological Research

8K ROM; 16K RAM

Using the ZXS841 Juan Jose Castillos

I am an Egyptologist, and for the last six years I have been busy doing a survey of ancient Egyptian Predynastic and Early Dynastic cemeteries to establish some of the demographic, economic, and socio- logical conditions under which the popu- lation of the time had to live.

The computer has been used for many years as a tool for carrying out archaeo- logical projects and, more specifically, in Egyptological research. However, schol- ars who want to use these modern machines often have to compete for time at the big university computers with other specialists. Furthermore, due to the com- plexities involved, they have to rely on professional programmers who, it is hoped, will understand the particular nature and purpose of each project and thus use the machine to the scholar's best possible advantage.

To what extent this has been achieved is up to each individual to decide, but recently, the advent of a whole generation of powerful, affordable microcomputers has freed scholars from their dependence on outside help. Now it is possible not only for Departments or Research Cen- ters but even for one single person to acquire a computer. The researcher can devise his own programs, and proceed with his work at a much faster pace.

Until a couple of years ago, we had to rely on file-cards and indexes to store data. There is no need to elaborate on how tedious, slow, and error-prone this system really is, but at the time there was no feasible alternative.

When the first micrcomputers became available, I decided to buy one— a Sinclair ZX80 and then a ZX81. The enormous potential of these very moderately priced machines for archaeological projects was quickly evident. Not only are they rea- sonably accurate and extremely reliable, but also their versatility raised the possi- bility of use for other forms of scientific research such as the handling of complex mathematical formulae for statistical and other purposes. The graphics offer a great variety of displays, and the Sinclair Basic with its one keystroke entries is very user- friendly.

Juan Jose Castillos, PO Box 7274, Station A, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5W 1X9.

22

After developing a suitable program, I found that I could work at ten times the speed I had been used to. As a result, a project that was calculated to take at least ten years to complete could be fin- ished and properly published early in 1982. (If you are interested in the results of this study and the kind of analysis made possible by the ZX81, you can find it in my article in The Journal of the Society for the Study of Egyptian Antiq- uities January 1982, and in my book A Reappraisal of the Published Evidence on Predynastic and Early Dynastic Ceme- teries Toronto, 1982.)

The program below can be used on a ZX80 (8K ROM) since it was designed in FAST mode for greater speed and we took care to include the required POKEs after every PAUSE. Since ZX81 owners have a choice of FAST or SLOW, they will have to change if necessary, line 2 of the program.

Both machines allow a maximum of 90 entries (or tombs in this case) with the 16K RAM pack. Those who own a 64K RAM pack (which actually provides 48K RAM for normal Basic use), by the simple procedure of raising RAMTOP to the 64K location area will be able to enter as many as 1,000 tombs. In our case the addon was Memotech's MEMPAK 64K which has an initial powerup RAMTOP of 16K which can be increased to the maximum possible value by POKEing 16389,255, and NEWLINE, then NEW and NEW- LINE. For other memory expansion packs the procedure may vary so the user should consult his manual.

With slight modifications, this program can be adapted to other categories of archaeological data such as pottery, arte- facts, or settlement research.

The possibilities of the ZX81 are not exhausted by this program. Among other things, the high resolution capabilities of the ZX Printer enabled us to write a

program which generated user-designed characters, in our case, Egyptian hiero- glyphics. This feature could be easily used to print Chinese characters, Russian or Greek letters, or a lower-case set of let- | ters. Our program works like a typewriter sending into memory one character every time a key is pressed, by the time 32 have been entered, the printer prints a line and is ready for the next one. In this case one of the much-criticized features of the Z X81, namely, the flat keyboard, proved to be very convenient since it allows the user to place opaque overlays in which the Sinclair keyboard characters have been replaced by others. Thus we could use the keyboard directly without con- stant consultation of lists or tables.

I hope that our results will be a source of inspiration to fellow archaeologists and other researchers who are still toiling away with pen and paper or competing for time at the big university computers and that they will be persuaded to switch to more efficient and remarkably eco- nomical ways of handling their data such as those offered by the ZX81.

Program Notes

The SYNCSUM for this program as listed is 103. Note that this program should only be RUN once and that is when you will start to enter your data. After that, go back to the menu by entering GOTO 120. Otherwise you will lose your variables which are cleared by RUN.

The program is mostly self-explanatory, but a few comments on some of the lines may help other users to adapt it to their work.

1-40: These lines define variables and reserve space for them. If you plan to make 1,000 entries, change line 32 to read R$ (1000,32) and attach a 64K pack or a combination of other RAM packs to a total of 48K.

It is advisable to dimension R$ to the value you need and no more because the ZX81 gets increasingly slow as you raise RAMTOP. For this reason keep RAM- TOP as low as possible.

Furthermore, you should be very care- ful when you dimension your arrays in lines 1 to 40, especially line 32, since once you define them and RUN the program to begin, you are stuck with them and only another RUN will enable you to modify them. This would result in the loss of all variables. While you enter your data, it would be wise to use number 8 in the menu from time to time so as to be aware of how much memory you still have avail- able.

120-180: This is the menu. Lines 122- 127 can be altered to describe the subject of the research and the units of measure- ment. (cm., inches, etc.).

2500-2860: This subroutine displays a record which has one given characteristic (certain size group of tombs or certain

SYNC Magazine

| 3 |

to SEND CHECK OR MONEY ORD!

REHIND EVERY

GOOD SINCLAIR

If you own a Timex-Sinclair 1000 or ZX81 computer, you should have a Memopak behind it. From increased memory to high resolution graphics, Memotech has a Memopak to boost your system's capabilities. Every Memopak peripheral comes in a black anodised aluminum case and is designed to fit together in “piggy back" fashion to enable you to continue to add on and still keep an

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Printer ያ) le RAM

High Resolution Graphics

Order at no risk

All Memotech products carry our 10 day money back guarantee. If you’re not completely satisfied, return it in ten days and we will give you a full refund. And every Memotech product comes with a six month warranty. Should anything be defective with your Memopak, return it to us and we will repair or replace it free of charge. Dealer inquiries welcome. To order any Memotech product call our toll-free number 800/662-0949 or use the order coupon.

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7550 West Yale Avenue Denver, Colorado 80227 (303) 986-1516 TWX 910-320-2917

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Code SYCO-3-4

— —Ó መ መ ሙ መ — ሙ መ-2 መ መሙ “መ ጨጨ መ<ጭ> መዉ መጩ፡ ‹ጠወዐ-.

zs Mail to: Memotech Corporation, 7550 West Ya

IS A MEMOPAK

*Price

(—- ባቡ - ዐው

64K RAM $179.95 32K RAM 109.95 16K RAM 59.95 Centronics Parallel Printer Interface 104.95 RS232 Printer Interface 139.95

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* All prices quoted in U.S. dollars ** Colorado residents please add sales tax CO Check [ ] MasterCard [ | Visa

Account No.

[ | | | | | | | | | | High Resolution Graphics | | | | | | | | | | |

| Address

Memopak 64K RAM The 64K RAM extends the memory of your Sinclair by 56K to a full 64K. It is directly addressable, user transparent, is neither switched nor paged and accepts such BASIC commands as 10 DIM A (9000). The Memopak 64K turns your Sinclair into a powerful computer suitable for business, recreational and educational use. No additional power supply is required.

Memopak 32K RAM The 32K RAM Memopak offers your Sinclair a full 32K of directly addressable RAM. Like the 64K Memopak, it is neither switched nor paged and enables you to execute sophisticated programs and store large data bases. It is also fully compatible with Sinclair’s or Memotech’s 16K RAM to give you a full 48K of RAM.

Memopak 16K RAM The Memopak 16K RAM provides an economical way to increase the capabilities of your Sinclair. And at the same time, it enables you to continue to add on other features with its “piggy back” connectors. It is compatible with the Sinclair 16K or a second Memopak 16K or Memopak 32K to give 32K or 48K of RAM respectively.

Memopak High Resolution Graphics The Memopak HRG contains a 2K EPROM monitor and is fully programmable for high resolution graphics. The HRG provides for up to 192 by 248 pixel resolution.

Memopak Printer Interface The Memopak Centronics Parallel or RS232 Interface

paks enable your Sinclair to use a wide range of compatible printers (major manufacturers’ printers available through Memotech at significant savings). The resident software in the units gives the ASCII set of characters. Both Memopak printer interfaces provide lower case character capabilities. The RS232 Interface is also compatible with modems.

New products coming soon Memotech will soon be introducing four new Sinclair compatible products: a high quality, direct connection keyboard, a digitizing tablet, a 16K EPROM and a disk drive. Watch for our future advertisements.

Q0

MEMOTECH INTRODUCES THE ZX81/TS-1000 KEYBOARD

The Memotech keyboard is a high quality standard (typewriter) keyboard, with Sinclair legends. The keyboard is housed in a well engineered and elegant aluminium enclosure. It is cable connected to the accompanying buffered interface which is housed in a Memopak case and plugs directly onto the back of the computer. ል35 with other Memotech products, the piggy-back tradi- tion is maintained, allowing other add-ons

to be plugged onto the back of the interface Priced at $99.95 (Plus $4.95 for shipping and handling).

THE FOLLOWING PRINTERS ARE ALSO AVAILABLE THROUGH MEMOTECH

SEIKOSHA GP 100

The Seikosha GP 100 uses a 5x7 dot matrix printing format with ASCII standard upper and lower case character set. Printing speed is 30 characters/second with a maximum width of 80 characters. Character spacing is 10 characters/inch with line spacing of 6 lines/inch or 9 lines/inch. The printer uses standard fanfold paper up to 97 inches wide. The GP 100 utilizes a standard parallel interface (Centronics compatible). Priced at $399.00 including Centronics parallel interface & cable. (Plus $9.95 for shipping and handling).

SEIKOSHA GP 250

The GP 250 is also manufactured by Seikosha, the leading company of the Seiko group. It uses a 5x8 dot matrix printing format with ASCII standard upper and lower case character set. Printing speed is 50 characters/second with a maximum width of 80 characters. Character spacing is 10 characters/inch. The GP 250 also uses paper up to 9$ inches wide. This printer utilizes either standard parallel Centronics interface or serial (RS232, DIN connector) interface.

Priced at $449.00 including Centronics parallel interface & cable. (Plus $9.95 for shipping and handling).

PROWRITER 8510

The Prowriter 8510 is a Leading Edge product. It uses a 7x9 dot matrix printing format with ASCII standard upper and lower case character set. The printing speed on the 8510 is 120 characters/second with a maximum width of 80 characters. The 8510 utilizes a standard Centronics parallel interface.

Priced at $649.00 including Centronics parallel interface & cable. (Plus $9.95 for

shipping and handling).

To order any of the above items, ca!l Toll Free 1 800 662 0949 or write: MEMOTECH CORPORATION

7550 W. Yale Avenue, #200 Denver, CO 80227

shape, etc.) and at the same time, adds up the number of the records thus displayed 50 as to provide a total at the end of the search.

3500-3786: This routine is similar to the above but reserved for binary or multiple comparisons (i.e., tombs sharing more than one characteristic such as certain size group and the shape of the tomb and the sex of the occupant, etc.). The pro- gram STOPs at line 3515 to allow you to modify line 3754 to suit your needs. After this is done, press CONTINUE.

5000-5590: Since this subroutine is con- nected to number 1 in the menu which generates the file, special care was taken

" PfürmfremougOomm Ke

OPP (OO f P 0 OLG ONION QI e P P De me / 7 ሎሃ ዓፍዖ ዓዖ ዓዓ ኣዛ” So et ባዓዖ ፍ/ ሓቭሇ

n 6 See '» » '» '" v» ve ws» ሎጐ ኑፍ

Ww

fy

Lu

ጋ

HH

R4 OZCXHOUOZXFXCmHIGOTmoom»p ቺክ adradsdpo aero nly nde ዘ መሥጫ F^ ሥ5 ጦሖፍ ሥ5 ጦቹ፡ ሥፍ ሥ ያዋ UI) UI Pm I IIIS Py ያዎ IP

= INT iea PRINT “EGYPTIAN PREDYNAST IC

„123 PRINT “DYNASTIC CEMETERIES-

if? PRINT “(MEASUREMENTS IN

ADD A RECORD"

ne $ ወ Y D H z - 6 ገ ሸፐሥ4 o m r m ሣ m D ቭ ጠ ርን ር) ፓ

DISPLAY A RECORD

~ LIST THE FILE"

256 PRINT “7 OTHER ROUTINES"

157 PRINT "5 - CURRENT HEHORY 3 x 3g ru: AE S

358 PRI 19.0; ENTER NQ. RE SU TRED OR. = "to stob“

160 INPUT

zu 155 IF Z$-"Q" THEN STOP i70 LET MOzCODE Z$-28 i75 IF HMO«1 OR MO>S THEN GOTO 3

iod GOTO SOMO

30a LET RN=N+1

Si@ GOSUB 500A

Sed IF RN=N+2 THEN LET NzN

: B ha SS NEDIL IN

TO S40 PRINT AT 21.5;"OR M FOR MEN

sea I 2% 258 IE 292.5: THEN 5070 $28 = =** ae see GOTO 55e i808 CLS tpe aci Ad HT 20,0." SORTING..." 203 INT AT 2.0; “THIS PROGRAM 55815. BY TONS“ 1204 PRINT AT 4.0; “NUMBER. SORT Bv OTHER VARIABLES“ ore PRINT LUE s2; "MODIFYING RT

343295 POKE 16457,2255 OR PzN-1 TO 1 STEP -1

TO P 2920 IF R€iG.1 TO 43 ‹=፻ቁ(9+ዒ.3 T 3 4) THEN GOTO 18060

1238 LET ኒህዐፏ=ዮዩ:8(ር))

1935 LET ፻፳2፳ቁ (%9)› =ጻቁሕ(ዌህ)ተ3)

18490 LET ሻው ሚና ና ማው

li NEXT

1478 NEXT 5 Meo PRINT AT 20.0; “SORT COMPLET

1990 PAUSE 400 1180 POKE 56427 , 255 1118 GOTO i120 ao CLS Per PRI AT “ENTER NO. OF RECORD “POR መ ምተ oN:

3ao i522 IF NOT OK THEN GOTO 1510

to make sure that the computer will only accept valid entries. The code for the entries is given in Figure 1, but can be modified at will simply by changing the content of these lines. Number 4 in the menu alters the records and also uses this "safe" subroutine.

9300-9390: This subroutine analyzes the record numbers entered to make sure that they are valid.

You can SAVE the program at any stage by entering the command GOTO 9500. Make sure that you have started your tape recorder and also that your earphone wire is disconnected before you enter this command.

i "DELETING..."

5

1590 PRINT ይፐ 19.0;"RECORD ";D;" HAS BEEN DELETED"

1500 PRINT AT 20,0; PRESS NEULIN

E FOR MORE DELETIONS"

1510 PRINT AT 21.6: “OR M FOR MEN

1520 INPUT Z$

1638 IF Ze=“ “ THEN GOTO 15090

19540 IF 7Z$&-"M'" THEN GOTO 120

556 RE 1628

a

RINT AT 26.86; “ENTER NUMBEFE RD"

NT RT 20,9; "PRESS NEWLIN E TO CHANGE ANOTHER" 229190 PRINT AT 21.6:"O0R M FOR MEN

2220 ce +. rA 2230 IF Z$&-" " THEN GOTO 20080 2240 IF Z&z"HM" THEN GOTO 128 2258 ped ed 2220

2510 PRINT AT 2.9; “SPECIFY ONE G

2520 PRINT ጩፕ 4.9;

242 PEINT zz PRINT

- PRINT - E z z 45 PRINT AT 20.@: "ENTER VALUE OR NEWLINE FOR EACH"

INPUT Asia

S$ii3 PRINT AT 5.14: 68¢13 2555 INPUT Dit š

2569 PRINT AT ይ, 3=2,ሎው፡ኡ»፣3) 2562 INPUT E$! (3)

2254 PRINT ATF 7.12.E$1) 25656 INPUT Feil;

2568 PRINT HT &.8:;F $113

5) 25,2፡:፡=ቁ፤3) 23574 INPUT 11ፏቁፏ፤3) 2576 PRINT AT 10,.,8;:H$t(1) 29576 INPUT ፲ፌቁ‹ጊን

==፡፲ቁ፤3)ን

2580 PRINT AT 53.

; INPUT ጊሄቁ (3

2584 PRINT AT n ን MEER

Lt 2592 PRINT AT ii, SBiL? 2594 INPUT Mii 2596 PRINT AT 15,25; M$£iil 232958 INPUT N$€:1 PRINT AT 15. =ፎድይ, የ48(ሏ7 2502 INPUT Geil: ROB PRINT RIF 17, >OS TES 2550 PRINT AT 2@. 8: “SEARCHING...

2552 PAUSE 2909 2554 POKE 16427,2225

26555 LET T=

3550 FOR Qzi TO WN

2579 R&iíG.i TO ፊን =ሺ፪ጴቁ፤ዱ)ነ OR FE (9,5) =5ፏ(13) OR ሯቁ(ርቄ. 73 =ሯቁ(23) OR RO. SI =E% OR REL. TO ፲2=፳7፤=፡ FLL) R Rá&íG.14 TO 163 =ቁ፤3) OR

One drawback users will quickly iden- tify is the length of time that SAVEing or LOADing 16K or more takes at the ZX81’s leisurely pace of 250 BAUD. How- ever, the use of a QSAVE machine, which by-passes the computer's ROM SAVE and LOAD routines and carries out the task at a speedy rate of 4000 BAUD, cut down the waiting time from over six minutes to only 25 seconds. If you use a good quality tape recorder and spend some time find- ing the right volume setting, the QSAVE machine and accompanying software can be very reliable and perhaps even elim- inate the need for more expensive stringy- floppy systems or disk drives.

2$(0,15 TO =ጅን =ነነጎቁፏ፣3› OR R$ (0.22 )ziI$tli) OR ፻2ቁ፤፡፡: . 22) =.7ቁ‹፤37 GR Res ሣ.=ፋ)ነ =KSt(i? GR ርቁ 5 25 TO 27) =ኢ= LI? OR REtG. S63} =የ!1ኤጴ፡.ነ OR Ret. == TO 283) =ዛቁ፣3) GR REID. 321 =ህ)ቹቁ፥፤) THEN GOTO 2715 2580 NENT Q9 2590 CLS CART PRINT AT 16.5: "ND RECORD FO LIN 2705 PRINT AT 4.23: “LAST DISPLAY WAS NO. “T 2710 GOTO 2510 2715 ET = 2716 2722 DRINT 27290 PRINT TARE io. “RECORD NO. "3 ጩ ድ PRINT AT 4.6; “DISPLAY NG. " 2730 PRINT AT 12.8: R8(G.21 TO 4:; RS¥tOH.5)} iC: REE )..2ን : 38 ፤ር).፳) Ce RS i2. 10 TO SI Ce: REiG.id TO 16): ፳፡8 (9... .15 TO 20) C: ፡2ቁ (6. 2=ን ; RG! 23) REOL. 2ዱን ; i Chi =ኛ%፤ህ.=፳ፎይ TO 27 ፡58 (9,ወ6) REO, .eG TO S383):0C$&:R$Stx ይ -፦ሠ 2510 PRINT AT 22260. e$; “PRESS NEWL IN 5 FOR ANOTHER RECORD " ane PRINT AT 21,6;"OR M FOR HEN 2538 INPUT ድቁ 23423 ፲ኛ Z$-" " THEN GOTO 2680 2:550 IF re TREN GOTO 129 338 “በ S318 PRINT TRB 28; "LEST RECORUCGS/'' 3911 PRINT AT 3.08: “TOTAL: ";N;" RECORDS IN MEMORY“ 52፳5፳ PRINT HT 206,0;:' ‘DO YOU WANF ft FULL LIST.-Y ዕል RU 39380 INPUT > 5349 IF £Z$&-"wv" THEN GOTO 3865 3350 IF Z&-"N" THEN SOTO 120 2369 GOTO 3030 3965 CLS 23793 AE ae TO N 5898 5232380 PRINT AT =23.52:፣:=መ=ቁ፤2.3 TO 4); REZI CE: REIZ. ZI : 5mHiz.58) ; C$; RE ፤2ኛ2›,32 TO 322}: CE: Riz, 3ዱ TO 163.0 ጁ5:=፪ቁ8(2,35 TO 20i: CR REIZ. 2213S REA 2.233); REL. S43 SOR RFt(Z2,. 26 TO avy 28 (2. ፎ5ነ,፣:5ቁ(ሯ. 29 TO 390); C4; RSLS 32)

105 PAUSE 100 -

33% POKE i642. 255

111 NENT ሯ

215 PAUSE 104040

316 PORE 26497. 255

2329 GOTO 1239

S2@ CLS

sid PLE COMPARISON" QE BINARY 'ULTIPL *ጫ

Sil PRINT AT 2,0; ADJUST LINE 2 S4 IN PROGRAM

3515 STOP

‘S28 PRINT AT

€ THE FOLLQUIN

228 PRINT AT

s

3

5

=

S

=

ርዕ ርነ ዕን ርጎ ርነ ዕ]ሂዕ ርዕ ርሀ ርዕ ። NIONE. GG El Gd GU Qoa GI ርት ”፦-

CORSI LR

፡

Ə PRINT AT 20.6: "ENTER VALUE NEWL ENE FOE EACH"

TREAT LEY E R: tun on ca orc un

26

SYNC Magazine

copE FOR CEMETERIES PROGRAM

"= TOMB NUMBEH ን. | - SIZE GROUP iH. B, Dj = in 3 >.- bones es {INTACT ETC) |

BOK ING west Sa - APPROXIMATE አርፎ AT TIME OF DEATH 23M - SEX (HALE? 23M8 -- NUMBER OF OBJECTS IN ፕር፦= 23M3 Y ፦ BURIED IN COFFIN? ; tyES OR NO?

Figure 1.

EGYPTIAN DYNASTIC AND EARLY | B8YNASTIC CEMETERIES --

(HERBUREHEMTS IN 3 = ADD HM RECORD :

B

ES NT ME BY SITUATION REGUIRED OR a TO STOP

goraren d :

CUR ENTER NO.

Variables Used

Arrays A$ to O$: These arrays deter- mine the content of the file. Change the PRINT statements related to them and their dimensions in order to adapt this program to your own research para- meters.

Array R$: Contains all other arrays and forms a unit (tomb, dwelling, workshop, ete).

Arrays Z$ to W$: General utility arrays used throughout the program as the need arises.

N, RN, VN, D, etc.: These numeric variables control the number of units (e.g., tombs) on file. a”

38 PRINT AT ጅ. 3=2:5ቹ፤3) 25 INPUT ሯፏ‹(3) 92 PRINT AT F.12;:E8427 4 INPUT FS#f23 PRINT AT 8.8: F841} INPUT Geis

PRINT AT ጻን &itttl1) INPUT ት!4ፌ ፤ 3.

PRINT ATF 1e, GB; HELL INPUT Itt:

PRINT AT 11,92; I&(1)

RAT TES, INPUT K$L -

PRINT AT 13.22:K$ti) UT Lt?

PRINT AT ፲4.,2ወ,1.8 (3) INPUT ኑ1ቁ ፈ 3.

PRINT Ar 15. „2S MELL? PRINT AT 36.6.(48.(3) INPUT OF 3.

PRINT AT Le. 27 i082 PRINT AT 20,8; “S ARCHING. . .

Coi GG ao ርሃ ሂን (GE GU G0 LEENI GC Go Qa

ጳ4:1 ad ed ግዌ EHE “4 ንዛ ed ad 8 td DEDE “ዘ “1” M d “ዘ EP 0I Id Uff

ዬዬ PEE GUU GOING M UHR ሥ ኮኮ” OGRE

PRAPOUFUGSOA RuouGOOPRUSOQuPRUSOOPNFOSOQg H 2 : "ብ

3 PhRUSE 20

3 POKE 16437, 255

^75 ET T-à8

3752 FOR Q=} TO ዘ

3754 IF R&tO.2 TO ፊፋን =ጩጹመቁ፤ዱን OR R$ (9,5)zB$C(1) OR REIO. 7) -D$11) OR R&(9,6 =ES(ii OR R$(G,10 TO 123 =

| FEL i OR ፎቁ‹(ዌ3.3ዱ4 TO 16)-G$ (1) OR As 16 TO 26) -H&t1) OR $e. 22 )-I£(i) OR ፳ቁ(ሠ.= 2 =38 (33 R Rei ፳,24ነ=5ቁ፤ኒ)ነ GR ፻:ቁ ፤8., 26 TO SF =ኒርፍ (à) OR RAS !ር) , 26) =1ቁ፤37ን OR R$&tOG.23 TO S3O0)-N$(tir OR R$19,532) -Ogti! THEN GOTO 3764

3756 NEXT &

3758 CLS

Sune PRINT AT 1@.5;: “NO RECORD FO 3761 PRINT HT 4.1;“LAST DISPLAY AS NO. “Tt

; T

5226 PRINT TAB 10; "RECORD NO. "; S772 PRINT AT 4. 6. “DISPLAY NO. " 3774 PRINT AT 12,0;R$(9,1 TO 4);

REID, TIGR , ` EHT H £$$.214 TO 3ይን ;ጄኞ 653. 1E TO 263 ; ረ... ቁ ል ር BS ፡፻2ቁ (6). 24) (:ቁ.; 8 (6), =ይ TO 27) #።=57. CTET-M 29 Tg 307; CE RE (G

PRINT AT 20.9; “PRESS NEWLIN R ANOTHER RECORD" PRINT AT 21.6: “ጋሮ M FOR MEN

INPU IF ሯቓወ= THEN GOTO 3756 IF Ze=“M“ THEN GOTO 1260

e 3 È c 2

^ UAM + [a d

sU" e OOo UD “ሀኪነብቡ 0

5 PRINT AT 5.9: “PROGRAM TAKES ; PEEK 16396 «266 2PEEK 16397-1565

20 PRINT AT 8.0; “VARIABLES TARK =i PEER 16404 +t256#PEEK 16405-PE EX 16400-256 PEEK 186401: ` BYTES.

BSG PRINT AT 11.63 “DISPLAY TAKE ^ 154090 +255 PEEK 16401-PE EX $6396 -256 PEER L6397; Y BYTES.

4240 PRINT AT 34,6; “YOU? RAVE "IP EEK 16386 +255 «PEER i15357-PEEM 35 412- 256 PEEK ሏይፋ4 32; “ BYTES STILL &UuariLiasLE."

4100 PAUSE 1000

4200 POKE 16497.2559

4300 GOTO i120

23900 CLS

S910 PRINT a es GF RECO

:"DeGgorRDS MOM m O

TAGS MAD AUWA «4 GU EAG d

&t1) 52931 IF ይፍደ፤3ን «="“S8EG" OR RELL? >" S399" THEN GOTO 593590

S328 PRINT “ae 5342 PRINT " Ag

S45 INPUT B$11)

52345 IF B&i1)-"Rn" OR B$11)-"B" O R B$ti3="C" OR B$tii-"-" “THEN o6 To 5050

52347 GOTO 5045

22355 PRINT B¢i23

5355 PRINT " es

52360 INPUT D$£(1)

523653. IF 5ቹ1፤33=”፲” OR D$(1)-"U" G H 58ቹ፤3ንዉ“->። THEN GOTO Sees

5375S INPUT ES 1: : F E®tis =“R“ OR E$&t1)-"C" G R gy hae “ GR Ettirz"-" THEN GG

= Sa77 GOTO Sars S350 PRINT ESii3 3285 PRINT 5290 INPUT Fil?

at. SA

Ile IF ኛኞሕ፣3) ='--»-ጅ” THEN GOTO Se mus IF F&ilic-"Ogg" GR FUL +S 33" THEN GOTO 50996

SBS

- PRI & 52105 INPUT Geils Fae IF ርቁ፤፡37) =''----”" THEN GOTO =i

IF Git} <="SEG" OR GHEILI>"S 185

THEN GOTO &i "aoo" GR H$S$(1)»"2 eu

37 GOTO 5135

S8 INPUT Jf (1?) 4 IF .ኢ)ቁ(3)=”"፻መ” OR &(1)z"-" THEN

s He (3) ='ፌ”" 52 GOTO 5156 ^ RINT JS (3

GOTO 5155

ere Meere ር

UA |

1

CU) moouo a auo EE TE EEIE div a

T SO

gigi" በሆ

Graphics line notes Enter the following line texts in inverse form: 1: RUN ONLY TO START A FILE OTHERWISE JUST ENTER GOTO 120. 2520: TOMB NUMBER: 2522: SIZE GROUP: 2524: CONDITION: 2526: SHAPE: 2528: LENGTH: 2530: WIDTH:

"P ed OR L$t1)«-2"9

195 INPUT NHLI? ^ IS THEN GO

A-A uva (QIUE:O, Fs :

ይድ. ry

“ወ

$(1):780"

Ui 019፪፪

jp

[1010 Miu

Nhe Les

A. mul

5 IT D$ HEN GOTO 52 S227 GoTo

(fo +

Üi ፉ ርዕ ጩ b d n" P ዘ ze T lf

ቭ 2 am ዕጫ ዕ bete

mm fan po ኮ” pom

0 ዴ Due sj ኑ። be? po PSD TE ኪነ” - ግሥ [|

j3 ይሣ

(3.18 ቆዬ fg mt

tiu ዘ ዘ ግሣሣጠፎመሟቹወር)

ሪራ Ba ሣር፲ርጋር)ዝትዝትዝዙ

v 2

ኣዛ”

R

R

R

R

ር

5 R S467 LET R R

R

R

R

R

Ane oho ሥካ፡ An ih ሥላ urs mh Py

Tor 10 0) y 4

=48 iL} GRD Has B

O° ወ ““ዖ Pw "wn! Pm! Pa Iw ‹ኣኣፆ Yan? ዓጠ" | ዝት Ded l^ Aer

ug

PRINT HT i ADDED TO FI LET ዮቶዮ፤ት4=ት2ኑሪ + 2. RETURN

CLS

PRINT AT i3.

RETURNM LET K

EA a NAE

HZ PMID!

me mua p

Geog ወወ

@: “ENTRY CANCEL

”“ ”“

LÀ Lg LL [ገ ዚባ LLLA LA TP ELE oot Pe ሩ ቱ ሦጐ ቱሩ

T LET UNIUPEL AE IF VUNiN OR uN-(i THEN RETURN

LET OH-1 30 CEL iu

REPER EI pA LU LÀ ርሷ ሓርስርበ ሥ ኃርዕህሥ ይ ሠ ርዕ ሀር

"us ሂ ሂ፡ ህንን pug vou qi om od o o un uu & GONO GGGGGG tel ግ KA

(ህፌህ

S400 STO

9580 SAVE “CEMETERIES” 3500 GOTO 120

2532: DEP FH:

2534: BODY-HEAD POINTING:

2536: BODY-SIDE ON:

2538: BODY-HEAD FACING:

2540: BODY-AGE IN YEARS OR

APPROX.:

2542: BODY-SEX OR IF CHILD:

2544: NUMBER OF OBJECTS FOUND:

2546: WOODEN OR CLAY COFFIN: These texts except for line 1 are

repeated in lines 3530 to 3660 and lines

5020, 5040, 5055, 5070, 5085, 5100, 5115,

5130, 5145, 5160, 5175, 5190, 5205, 5220.

March/April 1983

27

SYNC ዕበ the Job

8K ROM; 16K RAM

፦

A Small Business Payroll Progr «II Alan Pattison

Every business with paid employees has the complicated task of doing its payroll. The program in this article will provide accurate payroll information for up to 35 employees. If the number of employees is greater then 35, the list can be broken down into shorter lists and the results combined where needed.

When the program is activated, the names of the employees are typed in and the pertinent employment information is entered. Then for each pay period, the hours worked by each employee are en- tered. The computer will then provide a detailed payroll list indicating: 1) each employee’s gross pay, 2) itemized deduc- tions withheld, and 3) the employee’s net pay.

It also provides a payroll summary of total wages, itemized deductions, and net wages, as well as an “employer cost list." The latter not only lists the gross wages paid to each employee but also enumerates the fringe benefits paid by the employer. This gives the total cost to the employer for each employee for that pay period.

A routine is included for calling up any individual employee’s record and making changes if necessary. New employees may be added without destroying the records of those already listed.

Lines 1000-1300 contain the routine for computing monthly U.S. withhold- ing taxes. The routine listed is for the pe- riod ending July 1983 on a monthly payroll basis. You will need to change it when a new withholding tax table be- comes effective, or if your payroll period is other than monthly. Circular E of the Internal Revenue Service includes tables for the percentage method of withhold- ing. Refer to it if you need to make any changes. Use the listed routine as the format for your changes.

Alan Pattison, 3422 French Loop NW, Olympia, WA 98502.

28

Multi-line print statements under one list number are purposely entered as such; e.g., lines 720, 900, and 4050. In running an employee’s record, since it can be confusing to have part of the record at the bottom on the screen, enter *CONTinue," and have the balance at the top of the next screen. By putting the employee’s entire multi-line print state- ment after one line number, the screen will repeat the entire record on the next screen if it is cut short. (You can accom- plish the same thing entering several line numbers with shorter print statements by entering a semi-colon (;) at the end of each line and starting each line with a TAB. However, memory is tight in this program so you might have to eliminate some frills to do it.)

Once you have entered the entire list- ing, RUN it, and the menu will appear. Enter menu item #9 (Exit Program) and SAVE it on tape. After you have SAVEd it, the menu will appear on the screen again. Enter menu item #10 and your listing 5000-6100 will be on the screen. These lines consist of LET state- ments for variables relating to employee deductions and benefits provided by em- ployer. (A GOSUB/RETURN loop runs through them when you start a new employee list. They should be changed to fit your requirements. In the program as set up these variables represent the following:

SDI—State Disability Insurance (amount employee is assessed against each hour worked.)

IA—Industrial Accident (amount em-

ployer is assessed against each hour employee works.

FICA—Social Security (percentage applied against employee’s gross wage to compute amount of social security he pays. Employer pays the same amount.)

XMT—Amount Internal Revenue al- lows for each dependent in computing withholding tax.

HI—Health Insurance (premium paid by employer for each employee). RET—Retirement (percentage of gross salary paid by employer toward an employee’s retire-

ment fund). RETX—Retirement (percentage of gross salary deducted from employee toward his retire-

ment fund). Press C and ENTER to return to

menu.

Menu Routines

1) Start New Employee List

This routine will ask you how many employees you have, then prompts you to type in each name (last name first), hourly pay, marital status, number of tax exemptions, and employment status. Employment status: O—former em- ployee, 1—currently working, 2—has reached maximum social security wages. (2 would not be entered until an employ- ee's wages reach the maximum as ex- plained below.)

2) See List of Employees

The computer will list each employee and the pertinent information you have entered. |

3) Enter Working Hours

The computer will show each employ- ee's name and hourly wage scale and ask for actual hours worked for each week in month. When you have entered them all, it will show each employee's gross wage, rate of pay, hours worked, each deduc- tion, and the net pay.

4) See Payroll list

This is the payroll list as described in

5) See/Change Employee Record

You are asked to enter the name of the employee (a few letters of the last name are usually sufficient.) The com- puter will then print everything you have entered for that employee plus all payroll computations. If you wish to change any of the data for that specific individual, you enter 3 after which you will be asked if you wish to change each datum (Y/N), one by one. If you re- spond with a Y, you will be asked to in- put the change. After changes have been made, the corrected employee’s record will be produced.

If you change an employee’s status to 2, you are indicating he has reached the maximum salary on which Social Se- curity needs to be paid. The computer will ask you to enter the amount of the employee’s wages for that month on which social security should be paid.

6) See Employer Costs

This routine will give each employee’s name, gross pay, and all the additional benefits besides wages paid by the em- ployer that month.

SYNC Magazine

CP

AARDVARK — THE ADVENTURE PLACE ADVENTURES FOR OSI, TRS-80, TRS-80 COLOR, SINCLAIR, PET, VIC-20

ADVENTURES — Adventures are a unique form of computer game. They let you spend 30 to 70 hours exploring and conquering a world you have never seen before. There is little or no luck in Adventuring. The rewards are for creative thinking, courage, and wise gambling — not fast reflexes.

In Adventuring, the computer speaks and listens to plain English. No prior knowledge of computers, special controls, or games is re- quired so everyone enjoys them —even people who do not like computers.

Except for Quest, itself unique among Ad- venture games, Adventures are non-graphic. Adventures are more like a novel than a comic book or arcade game. It is like reading a par- ticular exciting book where you are the main character.

All of the Adventures in this ad are in Basic. They are full featured, fully plotted adventures that will take a minimum of thirty hours (in several sittings) to play.

Adventuring requires 16k on Sinclair, TRS- 80, and TRS-80 Color. They require 8k on OSI “2 መቁ on VIC-20. Sinclair requires extended

TREK ADVENTURE by Bob Retelle — This one takes place aboard a familiar starship and is a must for trekkies. The problem is a famil- iar one — The ship is in a “decaying orbit” (the Captain never could learn to park!) and the engines are out (You would think that in all those years, they would have learned to build some that didn't die once a week). Your options are to start the engine, save the ship, get off the ship, or die. Good Luck.

Authors note to players — | wrote this one with a concordance in hand. It is very accurate — and a lot of fun. 11 was nice to wander around the ship instead of watching it on T.V.

CIRCLE WORLD by Bob Anderson — The Alien culture has built a huge world in the shape of a ring circling their sun. They left behind some strange creatures and a lot of ad- vanced technology. Unfortunately, the world is headed for destruction and it is your job to save it before it plunges into the sun!

Editors note to players — In keeping with the large scale of Circle World, the author wrote a very large adventure. It has a lot of rooms anda lot of objects in them. It is a very convoluted, very complex adventure. One of our largest. Not available on OSI.

HAUNTED HOUSE by Bob Anderson — This one is for the kids. The house has ghosts, gob- lins, vampires and treasures — and problems designed for the 8 to 13 year old. This is a real adventure and does require some thinking and problem solving — but only for kids.

Authors note to players — This one was fun to write. The vocabulary and characters were designed for younger players and lots of things happen when they give the computer com- mands. This one teaches logical thought, map- ping skills, and creativity while keeping their interest.

DERELICT by Rodger Olsen and Bob Ander- son — For Wealth and Glory, you have to ran- sack a thousand year old space ship. You'll have to learn to speak their language and operate the machinery they left behind. The hardest problem of all is to live through it.

Authors note to players — This adventure is the new winner in the “Toughest Adventure at Aardvark Sweepstakes''. Our most difficult problem in writing the adventure was to keep it logical and realistic. There are no irrational traps and sudden senseless deaths in Derelict. This ship was designed to be perfectly safe for its’ builders. It just happens to be deadly to alien invaders like you.

NUCLEAR SUB by Bob Retelle — You start at the bottom of the ocean in a wrecked Nu- clear Sub. There is literally no way to go but up. Save the ship, raise her, or get out of her before she blows or start WWIII.

Editors note to players— This was actually plotted by Rodger Olsen, Bob Retelle, and someone you don't know — Three of the nas- tiest minds in adventure writing. It is devious, wicked, and kills you often. The TRS-80 Color version has nice sound and special effects.

EARTHQUAKE by Bob Anderson and Rodger Olsen — A second kids adventure. You are trapped in a shopping center during an earth- quake. There is a way out, but you need help. To save yourself, you have to be a hero and save others first.

Authors note to players — This one feels good. Not only is it designed for the younger set (see note on Haunted House), but it also plays nicely. Instead of killing, you have to save lives to win this one. The player must help others first if he/she is to survive — 1 like that.

Please specify system on all orders

PY RAMID by Rodger Olsen — This is one of our toughest Adventures. Average time through the Pyramid is 50 to 70 hours. The old boys who built this Pyramid did not mean for it to be ransacked by people like you. Authors note to players — This is a very entertaining and very tough adventure. | left clues everywhere but came up with some in- genous problems. This one has captivated people so much that | get calls daily from as far away as New Zealand and France from bleary eyed people who are stuck in the Pyramid and desperate for more clues.

QUEST by Bob Retelle and Rodger Olsen — THIS IS DIFFERENT FROM ALL THE OTHER GAMES OF ADVENTURE!!!! It is played on a computer generated map of Alesia. You lead a small band of adventurers on a mission to conquer the Citadel of Moor- lock. You have to build an army and then arm and feed them by combat, bargaining, explora- tion of ruins and temples, and outright ban- ditry. The game takes 2 to 5 hours to play and is different each time. The TRS-80 Color version has nice visual effects and sound. Not available on OSI. This is the most popular game we have ever published.

MARS by Rodger Olsen — Y our ship crashed on the Red Planet and you have to get home. Y ou will have to explore a Martian city, repair your ship and deal with possibly hostile aliens to get home again.

Authors note to players — This is highly recommended as a first adventure. It is in no way simple —playing time normally runs from 30 to 50 hours — but it is constructed in a more “open” manner to let you try out ad- venturing and get used to the game before you hit the really tough problems.

ADVENTURE WRITING/DEATHSHIP by Rodger Olsen — This is a data sheet showing how we do it. It is about 14 pages of detailed instructions how to write your own adven- tures. It contains the entire text of Deathship. Data sheet - $3.95. NOTE: Owners of OSI, TRS-80, TRS-80 Color, and Vic 20 computers can also get Deathship on tape for an addi- tional $5.00.

PRICE AND AVAILABILITY :

All adventures are $14.95 on tape except Earthquake and Haunted House which are $9.95. Disk versions are available on OSI and TRS-80 Color for $2.00 additional..

ALSO FROM AARDVARK - This is only a partial list of what we carry. We have a lot of other games (particularly for the TRS-80 Color and OSI), business programs, blank tapes and disks and hardware. Send $1.00 for our complete catalog.

s

AARDVARK - 80

(313) 669-3110

2352 S. Commerce, Walled Lake, MI 48088 ic

Phone Orders Accepted 8:00 a.m. to 4:00 p.m. EST. Mon.-Fri.

TRS-80 COLOR

SINCLAIR

OSI VIC-20

|

7) Add an Employee

This routine first lists current employ- ees, then asks for the name of the em- ployee you wish to add, followed by all the other pertinent information. You end entries by typing RETURN.

8) Look at Payroll Summary

The summary includes the name of the pay period, total employees working, total hours worked, total gross wages, totals of each deduction, and the total net wages.

9) and 10) have already been discussed.

When you up-date the program for your own needs, keep in mind that the program as it is, with present DIM state- ments, has reserved most of the memory. If you need more memory, you could de- crease the number of employees allowed by revising the DIM statements and FOR/NEXT loops. Or you could elimi- nate some of the frills which are not essential to the basic program.

The search routine (menu item 3£5) limits the name you enter to seven characters which should be adequate. If you have more than one identical name in your employ, you may want to raise this limit. You will have to free up some more memory as indicated in the preced- ing paragraph, then change line 1725.

io REN SPPE REBA o a

T NE PRINT TAB 5; "i X4 LIP WS eC

E CS m 138 PRINT TRS 28 PRINT TRB

22 PRINT 24 PRINT ME eo PRINT

YOU WISH TO:" "TAB 5223) START NE u EMPLOYEE List?"

29 PRINT TAS 2;"2):5£E LIST OF

-BHEPLOYEES?T" 2 PRINT “; TRE 2; "JENTER Wo RK ING HOURS ^ S2 PRINT TAB 2,"4)5EE PAYROLL ኩ-34. 282.2.

S4 PRINT FAB 2,"SG15EE/CHRHNGE E MPLOYEE RECORD?" 3G PRINT TAB 2,;,"G!SEE EMPLOYER COST32?'" የዘ ላ መረ ልያ TRS 2; "73 ROD AN EMPLCO 39 PRINT TAB 2,"813LQOK RT PAYR OLL SUMMARY?" , 28 PRINT TAB 2; "N EXIT PROGRAM

PRINT “ iQ) CHANGE CQOMPUTAT ፲ ON" ^ SAR TABLES" 46 PRIN

T 47 aret "ENTER YOUR CHOICE, 1 455 PRINT AT 20,0; 'CHUTIQN-""1

“" AND "3"" WILE ERASE PREUTOUS ENTRIES." S@ INPUT A S3 A=1 THEN GOTO ጊዉፎ SS IF Bz2 THEN GOTO 3a ca IF R=3 THEN GOTO See 55 IF R=4 THEN GOTO 8ga 75 IF ጓጩ=5 THEN GOTO 37ፎፎ 7S IF A= THEN GOTO 40080 55 IF nh-7 THEN GOTO 2088 82 IF R=3 THEN GOTO 34080 85 IF H-9U THEN GOTO 15808 G7 IF ጩጠ=3ፎ THEN CLS S88 IF A=18@ THEN LIST Saeaa 9o STOP 9S GOTO 3፳ iza CL35

i@S PRINT Y$ 438 PRINT TRE S3G;,"tHPLOYEE RECOR

Variables

A$ —Name of employee

F$ —Payroll period

X$ — Graphic line S

Y$ —Graphic lind D

N —Employee number

HO —Hourly pay

M() —Marital status

XO . —Tax exemptions

CO —Employment status

QO —Week 1 hours

RQ —wWeek 2 hours

SO —Week 3 hours

TQ | —Week 4 hours

UO | —Week 5 hours

PO —Total hours for each employee GO —Gross pay for each employee

WO —Gross pay less deductions for withholding exemptions

DO —State disability insurance withheld

F() —Social Security withheld

IQ —U.S. withholding tax withheld

JO —Retirement withheld

ZO —Maximum FICA wage adjustment

122 L

S PRINT “HOW MANY EMPLOYEES A c TO- BE PRINTED? 128 DIM ጩ (325)

132 DIM Ri3&S3 133 DIM Z (35? 135 DIM ተ1 (:22=1 137 DIM S(39) i4@ DIM ዞዛ (:2=) i42 DIM T (39) i45 DIM Xt(351 147 DIM Ut39&2) i43 DIM ም (2=) 150 DIM C(S393 151 INPUT N i152 CLS

154 PRINT X$ 158 FOR ESI TO 35

170 PRINT TAB 15;An5iE RLY E

- }

1635 PRINT TAB iS;HtE?

190 PRINT "MARITAL STAT: ''; 395 INPUT ME?

200 PRINT TRE IS Mt}

eQS PRINT “FAA £XEHPS: “2 Sie INPUT XE?

215 PRINT TRE iS; xE?

done PRINT “EMPL. STATUS: "; 225 INPUT ር ሂፎነ

230 PRINT TAB iS; CE?

ኢ፤=ጅ 233 IF .J-zN THEN GOTO 23ga 235 PRINT X$ 248 NEXT E 2535) CLS

328 PRINT TRE ኤ7 mum: ሀ:8:2:::ሀ6፪ ከጅዬ ማንት TRB 5;"REMPLOYEE RECO 338 PRINT TAB 6; O SS SSR Se S

335 FOR E=1 FO 35

420 LET MS=INKEYS

441 IF M$£-"'" THEN GOTO 44@

505 PRINT Ys

SDI —Percentage for computing State Disability Insurance

FICA —Percentage for computing Social Security payment

XMT -—Income tax deduction per exemption

HI — Health insurance premium paid by employer

RET —Percentage used to compute employer's share of retirement payment

RETX — Percentage used to compute employee's share of retirement payment

IA —Percentage used to compute Industrial Accident premium paid by employer

L — Cost per employee

LL —-Total cost of employees

B(1) — Working variable to compute totals of categories

I$O | —Variable used in search routine

C$ —Variable used in search routine

Working variables: A, J, E, Z, Y, K, M$, V, B$, GM

510 PRINT TAB 18; “NASE ENTRIES" xS 516 PRINT “TYPE THE PAYROLL PER

F$

518 PRINT "PERIOD: ";F$

570 FOR E-1 TO 35

S75 IF C(E)-8 THEN LET P(e) =ፎ 577 IF C(E)-8 THEN GOTO 680 S78 PRINT X$

S80 PRINT E;THB 4;AS(E); TAB 21; "RATE: "HIE

S98 PRINT TAB 7; “ህፎፎኗ 3 HRS: "; 595 INPUT GtE)

S@5 PRINT TAB. 7, “WEEK 2 HRS: “3 5265 PRINT TAS 7; “UEEK =5 -HRS: '"; S35 PRINT TAB 7; “WEEK 4 HRS: "; 7" WEEK S- HRS: ';

) ነ

=> DERE += የፎ› >F tE ) FU CE) P. @ PRINT TRS 7; “፻ሸ፡ፐኳጸር.፡ ;

575 IF dz THEN GOTO Gee 710 PRINT X5

728 PRINT E, TAR ን ል tS) DB =ጅ- "STATUS: "> TRB 29; Ci}; TAB 4; “HR LY PHY: HIE, TAS 20; “MARITAL VIRE , TRE i£. ‘NO LEXEMPYTIOMS: UIX

=}

# =@ THEN PRINT TAR 3;

S810 PRINT TRB ie; ፡ aad PRINT TRS 1e: PAYROLL S390 PRINT TRE i129."

545 PRINT "PERIOD: “;ዎቹዌ S48 LET uza 35@ DIM Gias} SS2 DIM tS; SSS DIM D (352? 368 DIM F i33) 6655 DIM WBS} S63 DIM ፲ (:ኋ፳)3 5785 FOR ጅ=ሏ3 TO N S672 IF Ctl) =8 THEN GOTO 96568 375 PRINT x$ 25 LET ርር) =P (£3 HE? = DiE SINF (1Qga (P CL} SDI

SSS LEF }+.5} 7100

SYNC Magazine

:

FULL SIZE KEYBOARD .

CONVERSION

YOUR ZX-81/ TS-1000

<= es,

Fully Warranteed For 90 Days!

SUN KD-81

ee

TT

“መመ”

sUNTRONICS CO- ሙ REMIS HAM Bout Yeo

ይደ ደ የል”

If your tired of not knowing if your data got entered or tired of poking data in with one or two fingers, then it's time to upgrade your ZX-81 to a full size, professional, keyboard. The SUN KD-81 KEYBOARD offers just that ... all the ease and comfort of inputting your programs and text on a fast and efficient professional sized keyboard!

KD-81 Features:

EASY TO INSTALL

e No Soldering e No Modifications

Check out than |

€ Full Size Keyboard with 41 Keys Easy Assembly

9 Full Size Space Bar Two Color Imprinted Key Tops simple

€ Allows Touch Typing for Easy Reading

€ Keyboard Case Holds Both Key Tops have Commands and instal- Keyboard and Computer Graphics Spelled Out for Easy lation

9 High Impact Plastic Case with Programming

steps!

ቴመ ነ"

Vaporized Metal Shielding € Measures 10%” x 7/4" x 27s" RAM € Steel Case instead of plastic

1 S Module reduces RFI with "PIGGYBACK" Connector € RAM Module has lip for mounting A m ee ን AMEN on ZX-81 or our KD-81 keyboard : that eliminates noise and crash _ problems due to the “wobbles”

1: Remove 4 screws securing ZX-81 case and remove 2 screws holding ZX-81 PCB.

2. Unplug the 2 ribbon cables from tne ZX-81 keyboard.

3. Plug the 2 ribbon capies into tne con- nectors on the KD-81 keyboard.

4. Attach the ZX-81 PCB to tne KO-al case with 2 screws, ciose case and instal remaining 4 screws into tne pottom of tne KD-81 Keyboard case ...

ወ Built-in output connector for piggyback mounting additional peripherals

€ Equivalent to ZX-81 1 ን. or TS-1000 16K T = these features 95 | eun ose"

And stilbonly.-.... .. -. 549 i

MX-16 mounted on the ZX-81

And enjoy the comfort and ease of inputting your data on a full size keyboard!

32K and 64K available.........- CALL

=== SUNTRONICS CO, ዘር

CALIFORNIA

213-644-1149

OUTSIDE CALIFORNIA TOLL FREE

1-800-421-5775

[SRS SSRN 12621 Crenshaw Blvd., Hawthorne, CA 90250 (for Tech Info and Calif. orders) (Order Desk Only) — or STORE HOURS: MON.-FRI. 9:00am to 6:30pm Mail Order— Minimum Order $10. Send Check or Money Order to: P.O. BOX 1957— p—À SATURDAY 10:00am to 5:00pm Dept. B, HAWTHORNE, CA 90250. VISA or Mastercard (please include expiration date

Add $4.00 postage and handling to order. CA residents add 6% sales tax

GOD LET F te} =INF A +.5) “ide Ses LF CIESSS THEN LET FIXE) =

SOS3 LET .iE! -IMT ፣፲ 35ፎ፳፤፣5ፎ5፣ፎ) #RET X) +ት«.ጅ) "ien

S95 LET U(E3-G(E)-—(XHT X (E) 1

5235 GOSLIB ieee

399 IF =E THEN RETURN

Sed PRINT E; TAB 4€;RAS(E}; TAR

Iia a iE: FIO

2e; "RATE: ";HtEl; TAB 4; "HBRS.:";P(EJ TRS 14; “SROSS PRY: $" TRB 2536 (E 5:ፐ 34: ”=.55.3.: “; TAG P5;D(El; DU 14i RETIRE.. 'STRB 25; AIE TA B 14;"F.2-C.A.: “STAR ሯ=ፎ=2ዎ (ጅ) : Ts B 3ፋን "INC. FAX: “TAS 25, LIE}, TS B 14; “እአፎፐ PAY: “2: ፕጪፎ 25. GE} cee EJCJItEFR-F tH) 5 (ፎሮ)

asa NEXT E

ae2 PRINT X

aes PRINT “ene OF LIST.’

578 PRINT "HIT ANY KEY TO RETU R N TO START."

375 LET M$=INKEY$

a78 IF MS="" THEN GOTO 2075

5385 CLS

255 GOTO S

1005 IF M(E? =1 OR M(E? =ሟ2 THEN GO TO 1280

3መጊፎመ IF ኒር፤ሂፎ) -200 THEN LET I(E!-9 ጊመሯፎወጩ IF NE? i525 AND UtCDE)»2090 TH EN LET I(E} =. ኋ3ፎጅቋ (iE? -ሯ553)

i930 IF Ute: 1288 AND UWE} 32 መመ5 TH EN LET IE? 22325. 724.1604 (Ute) -=ጢ5ጓ5) 1348 ፲ኛ HE} ፥ ጊፏጅ AND U(t(E)o993 T HEN LET ፲(ጅ) =115.443+.19% (UTE? -99

IF ህ(ፎ) <i967 AND UiED)»1S LET ፲1[ፎ) 2219.374.824% tute 9

IF RNE: +2488 AND WIE! > ISSF LET I(E? =320. 594.274 (VCE) --2

IF WE} «23580 AND WE} እ ሯሙፋመመ EN LET I(E} 2439.724.324 (UW tE) -=

mio IF uit! 2350 LG LET. IE) =

1322 342908 “ZF tit? ቴዬጌቲጌሆም THEN LET Xt} =e 12180 IF Wt) i267 AND WE) 2337 TH EN LET IE} =, 3ሯጁ(ኒህ፤ሂፎ) -1L1i?7)

2i LE: RAND uUiEI»267 TH EN LET IE? =3መ+ጉ. 154 (HE? -2671! Leza IF WEL IRAS AND NPE ነ Fads T NEN LET Ft) =94+.284 (HUE. -742)

ጌ

xnl ph pe me

324^ IF Wilf 5 34ፎፎ AND UTE) » 35ዱ=

THEN LET IiE? =35፳4+ - 4ፋ፳ (ሯህጀ(፤ሮጅፎ) - 385342

3258 IF WIE: RPO ANDO WIE) » 3455=

Mais LET I(E} =ሯ፳ዱፋዱ3 ,=4ት . 2555 NIE --ኋ

AX

i260 IF tE: < SRF AND Ut(ENÀ»IO97S5

THEN LET ILE: =Bat. Ber. Bese (UCES -ኋ

37S)

Va te . 5:27 ያ 110: ) eS Sol? M LET IE) =

=:22.» 224., 37% tht rE: -ሯ;23 ፖ

ትመር LET Iirz:-INMT ilcOGXIIErY.957

1310 RETURN

uoc CLES

1519 PRINT “YOu HANE INDICATED Y

SRGGUUITOH PO EXIT THIS PBPROGRHM."

L520 PRINT

23538 PRINT "IF You HAVE MADE ANY SHANGES--_-”

2348 PRINT

1558 PRINT ""ጨጩ፡ጨጩ፡፡፡፡፡፡:፡፡፡፡ሔ፡፡፡፡‹፡”፡ጠ፡፡:

1559 PRINT d Do NOT FORGET. Fa RE

መ PRIN, | ጨጨጨ ጨ ጨ=ጨጨመጨመጨመጨጹጨጴሐ፡፡፡፡፡፡፡:ሯ

SRVE THIS PROGRAH “25 CHANGED “PREPARE THE THPE REC ORDER, SEGINRECORD ING, RAND TYPE

STOP

SAVE "PmPvYROLB

GOTO 5

CLS

PRINT “TYPE NAME OF EMPLOYE {LAST NAMEFPIRST:"

i7i@ INPUT C$

1715 CLS

1720 LET K=LEN C$

1725 IF Ko?” THEN LET K=?

UPOD

ሓ: ርህ 6ህ ማው OE

sd Us

tat PY] fet pi pt fad fog

PAYROLL | RECORDS

"DU WISH TO:

START NEU EMPLOYEE LIST? SEE LIST OF EMPLOYEES? ENTER WORKING HOURST

SEE PAYROLL LIST?

; SEE /CHANGE EMPLOYEE RECORD?

SEE EMPLOYER COSTS? ADD AN EUNT.

59፡2 ር

LOOK AT MROLL SUMMARY T SIEXIT PROGRAM? 10) CHANGE COMPUTATION VARIABLES ENTER YOUR CHOICE, i TG 10.

*ÜORUTION-"1" AND "3" WILL ERASE PREVIGQUS ENTRIES.

32

t K2 E) THEN GOTO 1808 DID YO

te 2 i rro ፕፒነ TRY AG RETURN TO STARF.

a THEN GOTFQ i728

x$ PRINT E; TSB A$ (El; TRB £2; : ; FRB asiet (Et 1818 PRINT TAB 4;

“ARLY PRY: "7A € Fi; TRB 28; “MARITAL . ፲ታች ፡5፡--7. 1528 PRINT THB 4; “NO. EXEMPTIONS

ERTE ERES

1825 ao ዬጅገ=ጩሺ THEN PRINT FAR 8;

4 5 IF ር.(ኩር) =8@ THEN GOTO 1968 PRINT

1a32 "PERIOD. “F$

1940 PRINT TAS T; "MEEK 1 HRS: "5 4 ዶ

7 358 PRINT TRB 7;"UEEK 2 HRS: “

RIE?

1560 PRINT TAB 7; “WEEK 3 HRS: ”;

St

1870 PRINT TAB 7, “ህፎፎክ 4 HRS: 7;

qus PRINT TRB 7."UEEK S HRS: "ን

ig

issa PRINT TAB 7;"»TOTHRL: "

2%

199808 PRINT

13918 PRINT TAB 23, "GROSS PAY: ";TR

B 36, “$"P (ሮ) SH (ፎሮ)

4920 PRINT TAB 7; “5.6).፲. :”2ፕዉ5 4 SDE)

3525 PRINT TAB 7; “RETIREMENT: “ ; 7

AB 19;UtE)

1938 PRINT TAB 7;"F.I.C.Bh.:";TAhB 19;FtE)

1946 PRINT TAB 7;"INC. TAX: "; TRB 19;

1950 PRINT TRB 7; "NET PRAY: “; TRE

i9;G(E)-LDiE: -U(E)-FiE)-I(E)

i36@ PRINT ጋቓ

i70 PRIMI -IYPE +. YO LOOK AR T ANOTHER"

31930 PRINT “EMPLOYEE RECORD, ""2 "" ፕዕ RETURN 19 START, ""S"" TO

CHANGE DRTRH.' ig9gad LET MS=INKEYS

1992 IF M$-"" THEN GOTO 1990 i395 CLS

2408 IF M$="1"° THEN GOTO 1788 =5319538 IF M$£-"3" THEN SOTO 2580 2820 GOTO S

2590 CLS

2510 PRINT “YOU WISH TO CHANGE D ATA ON"; TRE SAS (ፎ)

2515 PRINT X

2@S38 FOR =E TO E

TEAN 00d “CANT TO CHANGE NAME? 2

555 LET MS=INKO YS 2255 IF M$£-"'" THEN GOTO 2555 2S57 IF M5£:»5'Y'" THEN GOTO 2585 2359 CLS 2560 PRINT “NAME Ta 2563. INPUT ጋቕ 1(ጻላ/) 2657 PRINTF mn$it)

2553 PAUSE Se

2570 PRINT “CHANGE EMPLOYMENT =ፐ ATUS? (Y.N1'

2575 LET MS=INKEYS$

2530 IF M$="" THEN GOTO 25735 2585 ፲ኛ HM$:»5»'"Y" THEN GOTO 259i =5S3 PRINT TAB 2;"-ENTER EMPLOYM ENT SIMIUS. -ቱ

2590 INPUT cr) 2591 PRINT Cth?)

2583 IF Citi -2 THEN cCOSUB 458 2594 PAUSE 5a

25985 PRINT “CHANGE HOURLY PRYF t

Y/N) T 35896 LET MS=INKEYS 2597 IF H$-"" THEN GOTO 2596

2598 IF H$:»"vr" THEN GOTO 20404 ። de PRINT TRE 2; "-ENTER HOURLY

PERIOD: 271783 TO 2728733

i JOHN DOE HRS. : 1650

HW

JOHN SMITH RATE: 10

HRS.: 1345 GROSS PAY: pigan RETIRE.: 70 F.I.C.H.: 93.38 INC. THX: 175.92 »NET PRY: 1355.91

os:

END OF LIST.

on, ሥላ

[uU fF}

ሽ ጋ ኑ4 5 Gar

CHANGE MARITAL STATU

2586 LET MS=INKEYS

2507 IF Mg="" THEM GOTO 2696 2595 IF M£:o'"v" THEN GOTO 2619 — S510 PRINT TAB 2;"-ENTER MARITAL STATUS: *“:

2535 INPUT Miu)

2536. PRINT Miu

2519 PAUSE =ፎ = SA20 PRINT “CHANGE TAX EXEMPTION 52 (ኙታክ) “

2521 LET MS$=INKEYS

3822 IF M$-"" THEN GoTo 2621 2523 IF M$:»"Y" THEN GOTO 2635 2525 PRINT TRB 2;"-ENTER TAX EXE MPT IONS: ";

2530 INPUT XU)

2534 PRINT Xu?

2525 PAUSE =ዉ » moe 2636 PRINT “CHANGE HOURS WORKED?

p 1 #፦

2537 LET MS=INKEYS

2638 IF Ng="" THEN GOTO 2637 2539 IF M$<o"Y" THEN GOTO 2717

2540 PRINT 2541 PRINT “ነ ህዌህ MUST MAKE AN EN:

RY FOR EACH WEEK, EVEN IF ""à"", 2542 PRINT TRS 2;"-ENTER UEEK i 25645 INPUT Qiu:

2558 PRINT Qiu ; =555 PRINT TAB 2;"-ENTER WEEK 2 HRS: "3

2558 INPUT Ri

235870 PRINT Riv} * 2575 PRINT TAS 2;"-EHTER WEEK 3 HRS iS;

25848 INPUT Stu

2585 PRINT SIAN ju 23508 PRINT TAS 2;"-ENTER UEEK <= HRS: '';

2592 INPUT Tr)

2695 PRINT ፕ (ህ)

2700 PRINT TƏB 2;"-ENTER WEEK = HRS: "5

2785 INPUT uiu

2718 PRINT Uii?

2715 LET ጾም (ህ) =ር (ኒህነ REIU += OU) 4T YU LET PCE) =P cu) CLS

SQSUB zaz 2720 GOTO 18200 =2S@@ CLS

sgaeo PRINT Y$ fo 2510 PRINT TRE Q; “EHPLOYEE LIST e FOR E-1 TO ሯፎ

28335 GOSUR Fee

ር IF J=N THEN GOTO 28395 NEXT E

PRINT X$ 2910 PRINT "UHEN You WISH TO END NEU ENTRIESTYPE ""RETURN""." 3000 LET ፎ=ጅ+3

3010 LET N-E

==ሯፎወ

302g PRINT X5 3830 PRINT E; TRE 4; “NAME: "; 340 INPUT B$

3Q45 PRINT R$ Sesa LET As (ፎ› -B$ IF B£-"RETURN"

30780 PRINT TAB 4; “EMPL.

INPUT CE} 35853 PRINT CE}? 335 PRINT TAB £; : INPUT HIE 203932. PRINT HE? 2 155 PRINT TRE 4; “MARITAL STATUS

INPUT MIIE? 31280 PRINT ME? 3238 PRINT FRR 4; "FRX EXEHPTIONS

THEN GOTO 32 STATUS:

“HOURLY PRY: "5

X YER XE 3160 GOTO =ጋአዶ55፡ 32900 LET ኮ=ፎ - 3 3205 CLS

cora S CLS

PAYROLL SUMHARY

TOTAL EMPLOYEES WORKING: 2 TOTAL HOURS WORKED: 300

Sorel CROS SS WAGES. 2200 x

TOTAL 5.D. 2.23 TOTAL RET iRÉRENT 3355

TOTAL ም።:.ን:.ር. B. 147.4 ፡፡

ደ INCOME TAX: 252.6

HIT ANY KEY TO RETURN TO START.

SYNC Magazine

መኝ

3410 PRINT ገገ, 7; "ዉእክ፡ቁ፡፡፡፡፡፡፡፡፡፡፡፡፡፡መ፡፡ Gees :

chil PRINT TAB 7; "EBPRYROLL SUMMA 343@ PRINT TAR 7- ደል... ፡.ሠሥ.::፡ ርን... ንኒ ተር ል ERG ጩጩ

Y$ 3450 PRINT ህዜ are E |

TO N 2558 IF C(E)-8 THEN GOTO 3570 3568 ioc =B (12 +P (E?

: ፎ 3588 PRINT “TOTAL HOURS WORKED:

SETE FOR £E-i T N INT Y$ PRINT “TOTAL GROSS unGEs: “

=1 TO WN a550 LET 81} =8 (23 40 (E? ! XT E

| ኸጽ..ና ቁ ይ 4) 38828 FOR E-1 TO ዘ

3565 LET 8 (4) =8(1) +022

3887 NEXT E

3588 PRINT “TOTAL RETIREMENT: “;

3520 DIM 5:3)

3788 FOR ፎ=3 ገኒ NM

3710 LET Hii: == EI ቱም TE} 3720 NEXT E^

3738 PRINT “TOTAL F.I.C.BR.:

3748 DIM Ri)? =

aysa FOR £E-1 N

3768 LET Bil UB Ite}

3778 NEXT E

3780 PRINT “TOTAL INCOME FAX: ';

3798 DIM Bii! 33@0@ FOR ጅ=3ሏ3 TO N 39810 LET RB(1)-B(1)4G(E) D (E) - d (E

"B&B

YS 2330 PRINT “TOTAL NEF WAGES: ";B

azad PRINT XS 39098 PRINT "HIT ANY KEY TO RETUR

i NKEY $ 32815 IF H$-"" THEN GOTO 3938

42108 PRI Ys ጁወ=ፎ PRINT TRB 9; “EMPLOYER COSTS

423 LET Li=8 45456 FOR E=1 TO N

4945 IF ር (ፎ) =@ THEN GoTo ¢ase 4243 PRINT x$ 4250 PRINT SC TOR BROSS WAGE -

?

ACCIDENT"; TRE =3 : [ J #፲66) +.) “36፡5: TAR 4; "HEALTH INS. * TAB 21;HI; TSS 4; “RETIREMENT” T AS 21; INF የ3553 (GTE?: #፳ፎፕ) 2.53 365

e

4360 LET L=G iE} +F (£14 (ም CE) FIM +H L+(GtE} REF?

4865 LET L-INT (L2i884+.5)} -i8e 4#27@Q LET Li =ti +b

4488 PRINT TAB 4; "ERFOTAL’; TRE =

; L 5585. GosuB sese

ር

NI Y$ 4110 REENT "UPOTHL COSTS: “

43265 PRINT X$

41390 PRINT "HIT ANY REY TO RETUR M FO START.”

414@ LET M=INKEYS 4145 IF Mg$="" THEN GOTO 415@ CLS

436@ GOTO S

4588 PRINT ‘YS

4518 PRINT “STATUS E rNDICHTES T

> TRA Z0

T1340

OF UAGE SUBJECT TO. = C, SEC. FOR” ASTU? NT X

4515 PRI

4520 INPUT GN

4538 LET Z:iU)-INT (1864 CGHMSFICS) +.:5)}) 7/100

SBA LET =55 ፲ = . 82387 =55=ዉ3 LET ፲ኑ45= . 6:22: 5930 LET ም ጊርኒ:ነ3= . 007 =5493 LET AHP =:::;3 . 332 SaS@ LET ]14፪==ሎ 3060 LET RET-.wU7? S372 REFA =.85

LET Saa RETURN 5910 REM ENTER "C" FO RETURN TO MENU a”

March/April 1983

Get on the Control Bus for only $59.95 ... and be on TIME

8 lines departing

(outputs capable of driving relays)

8 lines arriving (TTL COMPATIBLE INPUTS)

Compatible with ZX80/81 MicroAce & TIMEX™ 1000 round

trip

1/0 Board with our Real Time Clock / Calendar Day of Week

e 12/24 hour format

e Battery back-up for clock

e +30 second time correction e Leap year correction

Comes Complete With

* All software needed to operate clock and

Input/Output ports

Expandable ports

e Feed through Sinclair Bus connector to allow normal expansion

e |/0 ports and other controls mate with Radio Shack" 44 pin edge socket

e 90 day warranty

Future Products

e Touch Tone ' encoder/decoder e Speech and Sound synthesizer

7

All accessories can be connected together and separately controlled from the 1/0 Ports

L. MODEL | DESCRIPTION PRICE | አየ A Ms ድ

310 $59.9 une MASTER |/ር) WITH CLOCK $249

MODEL 310 ACCESSORY BOARDS A to D and D to A converter

Time Month Date Year 23:59:59 12 31 99 Features

ርጋ] ርያ]

320

330 340

Wireless control system (BSR ") Solid State AC Relay

SPECIALIZED PARTS FOR MODEL 315 316 Sinclair edge connector, 46 pin w/key| $12.95 317 Clock IC and crystal (tested) $ 4.95

California residents add 6% Shipping and handling $ 3.95

Send self addressed

Uu § 5 AUDIO for catalog.

P.O. Box 3295

Escondido, CA.92025-0580 (619) 741-5132 (24 Hr. Order Line)

ae VISA MasterCard aes

(4 ጂጋ ROWARS

NOT ANOTHER TOY

BUT A COMPLEX SIMULATION OF FOUR MILITARY-INDUSTRIAL ECONOMIES LOCKED IN A DEADLY STRUGGLE FOR SURVIVAL.

ONE TO FOUR PLAYERS COMPETE WITH EACH OTHER AND/OR

THE COMPUTER.

BALANCE OF POWER DEPENDS UPON

SKILL IN DEVELOPING RESOURCES, USE OF ESPIONAGE, EXPLOITATION OF ALLIANCES, AND UTILIZATION OF MILITARY

POTENTIAL.

REQUIRES ZX81 WITH 8K ROM AND 16K RAM.

He em AD = e

ORDER FORM FOR CYBORCWARS|

Send $14 (plus $1 for shipping) to:

STRATAGEM CYBERNETICS, INC.,

286 Corbin Place, 2E, Brooklyn, New York 11235. |

Dag 6 os qur 0. UY AUT CAE EISE um SINT (f | ^

à ፳ሺ, ies

VÀ fas pe

33

SYNC on the Job

The Sinclair ZX81 can be a very power- ful tool in the work place where a person is dealing with variables which are to be used in mathematical formulas. The com- puter will give reliable output data which can be quickly used.

For example, a painter needs to know how much paint to purchase for a particu- lar job. A program could be written in which the input data would include the dimensions of the space to be painted and the recommended coverage a particu- lar type of paint has. The ZX81 would deterermine the total footage and output the number of gallons of paint that would be needed. Numerous other examples will occur to the reader.

This article gives a detailed description of one such practical work related appli- cation.

Photographers who do close-up or macro photography using non-automatic cameras face a formidable challenge in determining proper exposure, how far the subject should be from the lens, and how far the lens should be extended away from the film plane. In order to do this in a

Samuel Giannavola, University of Illinois, College of Veterinary Medicine, Biomedical Communica- tions Center, 1102 West Hazelwood Dr., 206 Large Animal Clinic, Urbana, IL 61801.

34

Macro Photo

Samuel Giannavola

planned and orderly manner, the careful photographer would have to make math- ematical computations using at least three formulas and consult at least one chart.

Figure 1.

F — focal length of lens

O — distance object from lens I — distance image from lens R — scale of reproduction ME = metered exposure time AE = adjusted exposure time

R = I/O O = (F/R)+F I = (F*R)+F

AE = ME*(I*I/F*F)

The formulas would. use as input the desired size on the negative from a subject of a given size, what the exposure time at the subject would be, and the type of film used (See Figure 1). A photographer armed with the formulas in front of him and an electronic calculator would take about five minutes to arrive at what his final exposure should be and what the subject distance and lens to film distance should be to give the magnification he desires.

8K ROM; 2K RAM

Well, photographers are, by their nature, not very patient people when it comes to paper work, so this program will allow the photographer to input the data which the ZX81 will use to figure the adjusted exposure time (for bellows length and reciprocity), the proper subject to lens distance, and the proper film to lens distance for a given image magnifica- tion.

The Sinclair is small and mobile enough to fit even in the smallest of studios, yet it can be used in a number of applications in photography. Among these are: (1) figure exact negative to print magnifica- tions; (2) convert metric to English mea- surements. (3) Calculate the percent solu- tion for various photographic solutions. (4) Guide filter selection for black and white and color printing.

Of course, the big advantage the com- puter has over traditional methods of figuring the above mentioned items is speed and accuracy. The calculations involved in the “Macro Photo” Program can take many minutes to figure, but once the program is LOADed, the computer can supply an answer in less than five seconds. For a group of people who mea- sure time in fractions of a second, the speed of the computer makes it a tool of great advantage to the photographer.

1 REM "MACRO PHOTQ' “WHAT IS SHE. FOCHL al

La PRINT

HETH OF YOUR LENS (MM)? =ወ INPUT F 25 PR

INT F rs PRINT “HON LONG IS YOUR SUB i0 INPUT ርር

PRINT OL : 4. S@ PRINT "HOW LONG OQ YOU WANT THE. LIMMOE TO HET"

6@ INPUT IL

= id a

S52 PRINT “WHAT IS Pra METERED EXPOSURE TINE (SEC.)7'

=, PUT ME

: ME

55 PRINT “SRE YOL USING EPR OR £3,Uu FIL?

፻ INPUT A$ LET >: = ድን ንን ሦን S30 LET ፲=ፎ 95 LET ሕፎ = ገኀጅ LEF ገ 11. -0L LET ፲= [!ኛ፳) +ቻጆ LET Q=(F +R) +F

IF ር =፳+#ጅ THEN GOTO ite LET ጋጅ =?5ዓድት [ ፣የ፲ታት3፲ነኔ “ የምታም) ነ GOSUBR ኋሯሯሯ PRINT "“SCRLE 8F REPROQRUCT FO

CEBELLOUS LENGTHs";rI;"' RES ር. TO LENS DIST È #ዮ

“ ጓይፌቨ፤/5ፕ=መጅ EXPOSURE TI E IS “pE” SEC."

ae Zr 48=' "ጆ“ፌዚ”" THEN GOTO 2882 ia IF RE<=1 THEN GOTO 388

a IF RE>1 AND RBE-:-i1Q0 THEN GO laos5e

@ PRINT “424445 4R0UUSTED EXP IRE EXCEEDS RECCOMMENDAT IONS ጅ * *xkxxxü

GOTO 3eee

LET ጸለር=ግ5ጅት3.=

PRINT "PLUS CC 3 B"

GOTO =ወፎፎ

200a IF RE+.32 THEM COT! zalig IF ጠር›=3 PHO REs= Te sae

20290 IF ጓፎ»›=3ሏ32 AND RE<=1 SOTO 2600

“ርዕ ቪን fO fO fU i|» G3 : 56:-5ወሀ6-866

sE ዝ ትተ fot pull fot od pods fs

Kf) t # ot “ቁሂባቱ NU nm (63900

= Deke 12 THEN GO

aa THEN

ሹፎ።ጋ fy

283@ LET RAE=RES #840 GOTO 220 35909 LET ጓጋፎ =ሥ3ጅፎ #2 2510 GOTO 30eg 2a LET AE=AE #4 1@ GOTO =2፳ጄፎ 223 RETURN

Li [1 fü ሀ C OS

SYNC Magazine

ሠ”

Timex/Sinclair 1000

16K RAM Pack $39.95

16K Ram Packs (while they last) $39.95 Direct from England

Kayde Keyboard $74.95

Full-size Keyboard from Kayde $74.95 Includes repeat key, easily installable

Graphics ROM $59.95

Graphics ROM Hi-Resolution $59.95

The solution to the TS ZX-81. Fits inside the computer and replaces the ROM with graphics of 450 different types. The unit also-has space for 4K of additional ROM or 2K of Ram.

Hi-Res Software $19.95

Hi-Resolution Software from Kayde $19.95 or $49.95 pack of three. Peckman, Space Invaders, Centipede: Quoted the best moving graphic games on the Sinclair ZX-81.

Printer Interface $99.95

Printer Interfaces and Tape Controllers $99.95 each.

Did you know that the TS 1000 and ZX-81 can use conventional

printers? Now discover the real power of the computer.

ZX-99 Tape Control of four cassette recorders and interface with any RS 232 Serial Printer. Software select to read or write plus Word-process. ZX-98 Parallel and Serial interface board. Use one or both to enhance your computer's capability On-line to a network or to another computer or to any printer with serial or parallel interfaces.

Power Supply $19.95

Power Supply $19.95 Our very own product. ‘‘No fade and no flicker’. 650 mAmps power.

PLEASE RUSH MY ORDER TO:

Name Address

EN ር.፡፡፡.፡.፣ eo SERS E cv መ ርዳ ገር. 27D oss

Charge To: VISA LJ

Account Number

Master O

Expiration Date

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Send to: Data-assette (sy-5) 56 South 3rd St. Oxford, Pa. 19363

Super-Market

Sinclair ZX-81

S 0 11

W a 1 ©

Inventory Control (16 to 64) $19.95 Automatically expandable to 16, 32, 48, 64K. Allows the user to specify number of lines based on Ram Pack size. Up to 250 items with a 64K.

Budget Analysis and Cash Flow Forecaster (16K) $19.95 Home or office, brand new utility. Menu driven for user ease. Manages income, fixed or variable expenses or line of credit.

Property Manager (16K) $24.95

Business or personal, provides for any combination of 10 units

in two buildings or two units in five buildings. Tracks rent expenses for twelve months.

Comp-U-Share (16K) $24.95

Personal home finance. Excellent program that allows the user to keep track of his/her portfolio. Stocks, bonds, funds, etc. Detailed User Guide included.

Fantastic 1K Games

Fantastic 1K Games $9.95 or two for $17.00

Written in machine code by experts.

Challenge |- Four different tests of skill. Start out driving at Riverside and end up with a War.

Challenge ||- Arcade-Style games, fast action and entertaining. You will quickly be overcome with desire to win. Three different types of games to test your reflexes.

Business Games

Business Games Feature (16K) $14.95 each.

You against the computer.

Airline- Can you do better than Sir Freddie Laker?

Restaurant- Can you serve good food and make money?

Copy Shop- Find out if you can win before you invest.

ZX/TS Dotman- This months special. Fantastic recreation of the famous arcade game. Fast moving and requires skill. Don't miss it.

PRODUCT UNIT NAME and CODE PRICE QTY.

TOTAL VALUE

ERG. RUM. ESI. Lo M

Bec [ue 2 n uec- ca CTOIABORBER 1. ን M

Data-assette has over 50 software programs in its library, and we are adding more each month. If you wish to see our catalogue or join our mailing list, just send $2.50 which will apply towards your first order.

Information and product spec sheets may be obtained by mail, or phone our HOT LINE 800-523-2909; in Penna 215-932-4807.

data~asette

Two of the dullest and most time con- suming routines in teaching are record keeping and grade calculation. Normally, these are done with a paper grade book in which names and scores are recorded. Whenever grades are needed, the grade book, plus a hand calculator, and a gen- erous amount of time are usually required to provide them. Because of the time factor alone, most teachers do not figure grades except at mid-term and at the end of the semester.

The modern computer, however, can be used to change this situation by pro- viding the teacher with an electronic grade book that can give a read out of the student's record at any time during the course by merely pushing a few keys. Thus, it becomes possible to easily and quickly supply a student with a print out of his standing after each exam or assign- ment. I know from 28 years of experience as a science teacher that the effect of this upon positive motivation can be tremen- dous.

In preparing a grade book program for the Sinclair, it was first necessary to decide upon the form the recorded data should be returned in. One of the advan- tages of a good program is that it may be returned in any number of forms, at the operator's discretion. After all, a com- puter does more than just keep records— it also computes (totals, percentages, etc.). In the following program, I have included provisions for the three basic types of returns which the majority of teachers will find of the greatest value.

(1) A read out of all the students in the class with each student's name accom- panied by his TOTAL points, along with his percentage of the TOTAL POSSIBLE. This is mainly for the teacher's benefit in

Jim I. Brown, PO Box 2221, Joplin, MO 64803. 36

determining and submitting grades for transcripts or report cards.

(2) A print out for only one particular student, along with all of his scores, his

total points, and his percentage of the

possible. This may be used to provide the student with a record of his current stand- ing for motivational reasons or to verify his score for any particular event.

(3) A sort routine for arranging the totaled grades of all students in the class from high to low. This is useful in analyz- ing grade distributions or in allowing a student to see where he stands in relation to the rest of the class. However, the program in this part is very slow and may take several minutes for a large class. This time could be shortened greatly by using a SHELL sort routine modified for the Sinclair. However, as I seldom use this option, I have never taken the trouble to revise it. The idea should provide an interesting challenge for SYNC readers.

In preparing the program, it was neces- sary to include a few lines which might appear confusing to the reader at first glance. One of these is the method used to keep track of the points POSSIBLE on each exam. This was easily solved by making student number one the "possible" (line 220). Thus, the first real student becomes N minus one in the program (line 230). Adding a new student during the course, is done by letting N become one more than the present number in class (lines 600-610). Then, since the "pos- sible" is N equals one, and the first student is N minus one, the new student becomes N minus two (line 630). No provision was made to delete a student since a teacher is sometimes asked about a student's per- formance even after the student has dropped. Line 546 may also appear con- fusing as the .5 and the integer function had to be used to correctly ROUND OFF the percentage in line 546.

8K ROM; 16K RAM

|

Program Structure

The general areas of the program are:

Lines 1-64: provide credits, menu, and selection of choice.

Lines 65-95: prevent accidental erasure of present roster.

Lines 102-274: establish roster of class names.

Lines 275-430: Permit entering grades for each name.

Lines 500-510: Print the names of all students.

Lines 515-543: Add grades and print total after each student's name.

Lines 545-574: Calculate and print per- centage after each student's name.

Lines 600-710: Enter new students if necessary.

Lines 1500-1530: Save program and var- iables. It is recommended that a separate tape, along with a back-up tape be kept for each class.

Lines 1600-1645: Locate a particular student by name search.

Lines 1700-1731: Print a particular stu- dents name, along with his scores, his total, and the percentage.

Lines 1735-1895: Allow a score to be changed, if necessary.

Lines 4000-6020: Tally and sort grades from high to low.

There are essentially only two types of variables in the program: names and scores. In line 200 N$ symbolizes the name, the number 41 represents the num- ber of names for which space is allotted in the memory of the computer, and the number 15 is the maximum number of letters that may be used in any student's name. Remember, “possible” is N equals one, so the number 41 allows only 40

SYNC Magazine

AMAZING ZX81 COMPUTER!

THE FULLER FD42 SYSTEM The ideal Christmas Gift for ZX81 users.

If you already are the proud owner of the fastest selling small computer i the U.S., or maybe have a friend or member of the family who's a ZX ፡ fanatic, what better buy is there this Christmas than the famous Fuller FD42 System! It converts your ZX81 into a sturdy, attractive and professional unit, with full sized typewriter keyboard. All the Sinclair ZX81 keys are duplicated with extra shift and new line keys. The professional momentary actiog key switches have a guaranteed life of 10? operations, and the whole unit comes to you complete with a money back guarantee. IT'S EVEN CHEAPER IN KIT FORM FD 42 M board and case kit. .95

t $6 p&p. FD 42 keyboard kit

$37 +54 p&p.

IT’S SO EASY TO INSTALL!

| You simply unscrew the ZX | printed circuit board from

| its base, screw it into the

| the new FD case, and

IM plug in the keyboard. No = soldering or technical knowledge required.

ZX81 MOTHERBOARD

Also easy to install! The FD system Motherboard fits inside the Fuller case and allows expansion to the ZX

memory and 1/0 facilities 2 slot 8 30-95 + 54 pa p. 3 slot $39.95 T $4 p&p.

NEW! — Programmable Sound Generator - adds exciting new

ህዞ.

sounds to the ZX81 range $39 +54 pap. Separate P.S.U. 9 volts @ 2 amps $1495 c $4 p & p. Plug Planner - complete with 3 metres = 95

of cable and power jack $36 + 56 p&p.

Ram Adaptor Board - adapts Sinclair RAM pack to fit inside Fuller case

$19?5.s2pap.

MICRO SYSTEMS

Mail to: FULL MICRO SYSTEMS, The ZX Centre, Sweeting Street, L'iverpool 2. England U.K. Telephone: 051-236 6109

CONVERT YOUR ZX..

FULLER MICRO SYSTEMS ADD STYLE, POWER, VERSATILITY AND FULL TYPEWRITER KEYBOARD OPERATION TOJ

መመ መመመ መመመ 5 ቋመጠ your r ZX81 DEA a from this to this

RAS W

FULLER MEMORY EXPANSION

a massive boost for your ZX

The basic ZX81 has only 1k of ። now you can add on an enormous 16 or 64k with our FD Memory Modules. .95

FD16k

FD16k to fit inside Fuller case

FD64k Memory Module aa NM M M M BM BM M

Please supply the following items:

Mail to FULLER MICRO SYSTEMS, The ZX Centre, Sweeting Street, Liverpool 2. England U.K.

፳ Name Address City /State/Zip

t US Dollars la E 82 E E BN E ee ፳፪ ge

FUEL o c 2g ው መ M ar MUR d. ose E Figure 3. and Figure 4.

2777727771 1... ጊር: C GRADE BOOK BY JIM I BROUN

FFFKFKEKFE HEF ELEC HE RRELEREREH 59 YOU UISH TO:

START A NEU CLASS?

Pare መርጅ TOTAL = 300 PERCENT

PLATO TOTAL = Z PERCENT

eon CIN OTAL = 289 PERCENT

rata TOTAL = 285 PERCENT

RCENT = 36

AOD A NEU STUDENT? A NEU GRADE TO EACH RECORD? T ALL STUDENTS AND THEIR SINCLAIR C TOTAL = 294 PERCENT

A PARTICULAR STUDENTS OPTION ፕር)

RIN A GRADE Bee ሚር SENT LEAVE THE PROGRAM

4 FOR Isi TO 3B 272 INPUT RS 184@ PRINT 2 PRINT “#"; #2723 CLs 1646 PRINT "NO SUCH NAME ON ROST 3 NEXT I 274 GOTO 28 ER" 4 PRINT 275 LET Wale 1650 PRINT =5 PRINT 278 CLS 1855 PRINT "ENTER ""C"" TO RETUR 18 PRINT "GRADE BOOK” 290 FAR Nzi TO ጃ N TO MAIN MENU” 11 PRINT 295 PRINT ኦሜ ith} ፈዉ6ወ INPUT RS 12 PRINT “BY WIM I BROWN” 296 LET = 16565 cris 19 PRINT 298 PRINT "ENTER GRADE NUMBER " 16782 a 14 FOR Izi Me RA PM 1700 PRINT N$ (N? 15 PRINT "es" S@@Q INPUT ር የአ ,ሂ/) 1705 Ta i6 NEXT I Bie CLS 171606 FOR Usi TO 32 PRINT ; "e Bee PRINT QANLAR 17315 PRINT V3". ”"ንጄፎጅየ!የኮ፥ ,ኒ/ነ Am PRINT “£2 YOU HISH TO: aAa NEXT WN 1720 LET ፕ=ር (አ,ላ፤) +T ei PRINT 4820 PRINT 1722 ፲ኛ ከክዚ|=53 THEN LET Z= 22 PRINT "3. 5ፕጩዕጋጽፕ NA NEU CLASS 410 PRINT "ENTER ”“ር”“”“ TD RETUR 2725 NEXT wu E d N TO MAIN MENUS 1726 PRINT “TOTAL = ",;T 23 PRINT "2. HDD n NEU STUDENT 420 INPUT RS 1727 LET PERS tT vZ) ታዱ 3 ዒ5ኗ ማፉ 425 CLS 1728 LET PER=INT {FER ጉ›=] 24 PRINT "3, ROD n NEV GRACE T 438 GOTO ሯፍ 1729 PRINT "POSSIBLE = "2 2 EACH STUDENTS RECORD?" 490 FOR Nei TO Xx 1731 PRINT "PERCENT = ",PER 2S PRINT "£X. LIST ALL STUDENTS Saa FOR Nzi TO X 1732 PRINT RAND THEIR GARDES?” Si@ PRINT “ቁ 1735 PRINT "DO Yau NISH FQ CHANG 26 PRINT “S, LIST ጩ PARRTICLULAR 535 LET ፕ= E ይ GRADE (ኛና OR Ni? STUDENTS GARAGES (XNCL THE OPT S20 FOR Usi ብርን ud i740 E E R$ ION TO ANGE ነ3 GAADET” S32 LET T= ፤፡ , 48) oF 1745 IF R$z'"vY" THEN GOTO ኋ=ፎፍፎ a7 PRI “82 HANDS rN A GRADE DI 5223 IF Nai THEN LET Zaf 1750 CLS STRIBUTION?" S3S NEXT i 1755 GOTO 20 28 PRINT "7. LERVE THE PROGRAM S43 PRINT "TOTAL = ";T;" "E 148@@ PRINT "m S46 LET PER={(T vZ} 3 35:5 4822 PRINT "SELECT THE NUMBER QF 30 PRINT 546 LET PERZINT (PER-s4.8) THE GRADE ፕር BE CHANGED" 32 PRINT "ENTER THE NUMBER OF S847 PRINT "PERCENT = "; PER i825 INPUT C YOUR ICE," S48 PRINT 1838 LET Vec = XNPUT GG 558 NEXT N 18640 CLS 36 6 S60 PRINT 1945 PRINT "ENTER THE SCORE ‘You 5 IF Q21 THEN Gore as 5229 PRINT "ENTER "'"c"" FO RETUR WISH THE ";G:IN,U;" TO BE CHE S2 IF Q=2 THEN Sere Ow N TO HE MAIN MENU” NGED 3 S4 IF &=3 Sara 278 572 INP 149550 INPUT L S6 IF Q=4 ፎኒሂነፕፒነ eu S73 1552 crs 588 IF Q25 THEN ፎርነ ኋፎጩፎ 574 COTO 28 19585 LET GINU? si 6@ IF Qs THEN GOTO «880 600 LET XzX»1 1360 PRINT "ÉÓRADE oe ፣ መ LOL NOU ክረ: 61 IF Q-7 THEN Sra Igege 6@5 FOR N=2 TO X ;GON,uU 62 CLS 612 NEXT 1365 PRINT ፎፋ COTO 2" 530 PRINT "ENTER THE NAME OF ST 1375 PRINT "ENTER ""C"" FQ RETUR es CLS UDENT NUMBER ";N-2 N TO THE As NENU” 70 PRINT “ARE YUU SURE?" &40 INPUT N$ (N-11? 1880 INPUT R$ 72 PRINT 552 CLS 1898 CLS 75 PRINT “REMEMBER A NEU ROSTE 660 PRINT “THE Agi ee cu ንን M 18925 GOTO 2a R WILL DELETE THE CURRENT ር) T Fda BEEN RDDED: “N$: 32 49@@ PRINT “TOTALING GRADES” NE RLONG WITH IFS STaRES OAT e? PRINT 4003 DIM HM$ti41) A“ 566 PRINT "ENTER ""C"" TO RETUR 4865 FOR N=1 TO X T7 PRINT X 3 N TO MAIN MENU" 48230 LET ፐ =ኒ3 Geo PRINT “ENTER "'"y"" IF you 3 69@ INPUT R$ 48268 FOR U-i TO tu ILL WISH ፐር) START A NEU ROSTER "ac CLS 4930 LET ፐ=ር !ከ1, ላዛ) ትፐ ቻና 7310 BOTO =ፎ 4240 NEXT U 53 PRINT 15008 PRINT “TO SAVE THIS PROGRAM 406@ LET GIn,Vi= S2 PRINT "ENTER “”“ፎ””“ TO RETUR ES 40706 NEXT N N TQ THE MAIN MENU’ 1581 PRINT 075 CLS 83 INPUT R$ 1502 PRINT “A. POSITION THE TAPE 4277 PRINT "SORTING GRADES" 64 CLS 2 4980 LET CH=8@ SB 25፣5526: THEN cove ime © 3582 PRINT us, rype “ር £838 8፡97 v LT 4 t ee ae re sooo IF G iN, a3) £3 PNE 13 THEN LET 100 PRINT “ርህ MANY STUDENTS RR 1506 PRINT CH=1 €E IN THE CLASS?” 1507 PRINT "C. START THE RECORDE e: IF GiN,ixzsGih»oi,i1!) THEN Le 103 ÉET X x i 3566 PRINT 5 HID-G(N,UI ጃ mA ት @20 ፲ኛ GN, £i “ንይ ን 4) THEN LE 114 CLS ee 1509 PRINT "D, PUSH NEWLINE" T GIN,V) =G(N+1, U) d = Sasa ድቻ ፎር (| ,ጻ/) « =e INAIL THEN LE 20095 DIM N$ ፤ፋ43 , iS? 1520 SAVE “GRADE groo" T ሯፎ(ከክዘተ+3.,ህ) maro 21 DIM Gí41,2M 1830 GOTO 5o40 NEXT N 219 FOR Nsi TO X 1800 PRINT "ENTER THE NANE OF TH S@S@ IF CHzi THEN GOTO +2888 220 LET N&5(1)-z"POSSIBLE'" E STUDENT" Sas CLS 222 IF N=i THEN GOTO 278 | 1605 INPUT C$ S@6@ FOR Nsi TO X 230 PRI "ENTER NAME NO. ";N-1i 1608 CLS goaa PRINT GIN, 258 vse NEIN $12 bin Havel S? 1-8. ተ SoA PRINT "ENTER C TO RETURN TG 260 PRINT NUN 1628 FOR Nsi TO X MENU" 278 N 1625 LET ሦሥ8(ኮ) zNẸ iN? 609180 INPUT R$ 271 PRINT "ENTER “”ፎ””፦ FQ RETUR 1630 IF ርዔ=ኮነዔቕ iN?) THEN GOTO i760 &ai5 CLS N TO MENU” 1635 NEXT N 6828 GOTO i8

e ጩን

SYNC Magazine

ውጊ

፦ፍ

students to be entered per class. In line 210, G represents Grade, the 41 is again the number of students, while the 20 is used to reserve space in memory for 20 grades per student. These variables may, of course, be changed to allow for excep- tionally sized classes or to increase the number of grades that may be taken. However, remember that increasing these values will require more memory and will also increase the LOAD/SAVE times.

Other parts of the program may also be changed to enable the computer to keep track of almost anything one wishes to maintain regular records on, while, at the same time, enabling one to obtain an instant total.

Using the Program

In using the grade book program when it is first LOADed, a menu automatically appears on the screen. (See Figure 1).

1). Selecting Choice 1 directs that a new roster be started. However, the pro- gram immediately requests the operator to first verify the choice so that any pre- sent roster will not be accidentally erased.

2). A new student may be added to the roster at any time by selecting Choice 2.

3). Choice 3 activates the computer to ask first how many points are possible on a particular test; the program then lists each students name and requests his score for that assignment. Zero scores should be given to students who have dropped or transferred.

4). Choice 4 causes the computer to print out the total points for each student, along with his percentage of the POS- SIBLE (See Figure 2).

Note: since the program directs the computer to first ADD the student's scores, this choice may cause the program to bomb if there is only one grade entered for the class.

5). Choice 5 instructs the computer to request a student's name, then to list that particular student's scores along with his total points and his percentage rating. (See Figure 3).

Before returning to the main menu, the program also inquires if any grade is to be corrected and allows the operator to make the necessary change if one is needed. New students who were added under Choice 2 will have zeros automat- ically recorded for any grades that were entered before they joined the class. Choice 5 allows the instructor to change these zeros to whatever transfer grades students may have entered with.

6). Choice 6 first tallies the grades of every student; then it sorts and displays the scores, arranging them from highest to lowest. (See Figure 4.)

March/April 1983

7). Choice 7 allows the program, includ- ing all changes or additions in grades or names, to be saved and provides the direc- tions for accomplishing this.

If, during any choice, the print out should fill the monitor and give a report code of 5 at the bottom (meaning no more room on screen), merely push “CONTinue” on the keyboard, followed by NEWLINE.

If for any reason the program should "bomb" at any point, it can usually be safely restarted by the command, GOTO 1, followed by NEWLINE. Never use *RUN" as a command, or all the stored data (names and scores) will be lost.

Ed. — For the convenience of our readers the author will supply tthe program on cassette for $12 including postage ($15 outside the U.S.). Allow four weeks if payment is made by personal check. "a

SEA WAR FOR ZX81

This game is designed for one or two players. Each player has three submarines. As a certain number of points are reached, bonus submarines will be given. When the game is going on, the higher the score you get, the more that hostile features will appear on the screen.

The features which appear on the screen are as follows: Submarine, Warship, U-boat and Helicopter.

Submarine This feature is under your own control and is loaded at the left hand side of the screen. The keys '9' and '0' are the firing buttons for the upward missiles and forward missiles respectively.

The submarine can be moved in four directions; it can move upwards and downwards by pressing keys '7' and '6' respectively. In order to move forward, you press key '8 andit will draw back to its previous position when you release the button. Also, the submarine can be moved diagonally upwards or downwards by pressing both keys '8' and ‘7’ or keys 8 and 6 respective- ly at the same time.

U-boat This is the hostile submarine: It drifts under the sea level randomly, from right to left. Missiles are fired as it approaches your submarine. Destroying a U-boat scores 20 points.

Warship This is the enemy destroyer which will release bombs diagonally as it drifts on the sea surface from right to left.

The destruction of a warship is done by either firing a vertical missile or, when the submarine is just under sea level, by pressing keys ‘7’ and ‘0’ which release a horizontal missile. Otherwise the missiles will just pass under the ship bottom. Each destruction of this feature scores 50 points. Helicopter

As you reach a certain score, helicopters appear on the left hand corner of the screen; they drop vertical bombs as they hover above the submarine. To destroy the helicopters, vertical missiles can be fired by pressing key '9'. Each helicopter destroyed scores 100 points.

"New Game—ADDER—Arcade-type game.

Shoot the numbers as they pass across the screen, but watch your total. Each game $9.95 plus $2.00 postage/handling Distributor Inquiries Welcome

Panda

Software,

51 Elgin Street, Shelton Stoke-on-Trent ST4 2RD, England

39

dKIronics

ZX KEYBOARD FOR USE WITH 80/81 SPECTRUM

Our new cased keyboard has 52 keys, 12 of these are used for the numeric pad. The numeric pad offers some useful features, you can cursor with one hand and it will be a boon for anyone who enters a lot of numeric data. The pad is a repeat of the 1-9 keys plus it has a full stop and a shift key. The numeric pad keys are coloured in red, the normal keyboard keys are grey, with the case being black which makes the whole thing very attractive. The Case measures 15 x 9 x 2/2. The computer (either 80/81 or spectrum) fits neatly inside. You will have to remove the computer from its original case, it is then screwed to the base of the case. The case had all the bosses already fitted and the screw holes are marked. Also fitted inside the case is a mother board (81 model only) which allows 16K, 32K and 64K to be fitted in the case. All the connections are at the rear of the case i.e. Power, Mic, Ear, T.V. and the expansion port. The case is large enough for other add ons also to be fitted inside. One of these could be the power supply, then you could very quickly fit a mains switch, or a switch on the 9V line. This means you have a very smart self-contained unit. This case does not stop you from using any other add-ons that you may have e.g. Printer etc. We are convinced that this is the best keyboard available at present. It offers more keys and features than any other keyboard in its price range.

Hi

ዞታ ፤

NOTE

The case can be purchased separately with the keyboard aperture [11 IU MAT uncut, so if you have one of our early uncased keyboards, or in fact any | other suppliers" keyboards, these could be fitted. The keyboard is connected to your computer by a ribbon cable and this has connectors fitted which simply push into the Sinclair connectors. It is a simple two HH [| j BP st minute job and requires no electronic skills. This keyboard does not f EU S IRI PCM SN MIS need any soldering. Please specify on order whether you require the ZX f si UT ያያ CIMA ሚር SNC 81 or Spectrum case. | DS | » x

SPECTRUM MODEL

This is supplied with spectrum legends, and a slightly different base for fitting the spectrum inside, again all the connectors are at the rear of the case and there is plenty of room for the power supply (and other add-ons}. Should you want to change, we can supply both the

Spectrum legends and details of updating your case which will enable US modification from the ZX 81 to spectrum. PLEASE specify on your order KEYBOAR D E

whether you require the ZX 81 or spectrum case. [SP E CT R UMI81 um

SPECTRUM LIGHT PEN

The pen enables you to produce high resolution draw- ings on your own television set, saving a vast amount of time over using basic programming State- ments, such as Plot, Draw etc.

ROM

MOTHERBOARD

Internal fixing for ZX 81 keyboard case.

You can erase, modify and save drawings and it comes complete with software program. The superb light pen is available from

DK Tronics at only 591 95

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እ. COMPONENT SIDE UP

Internal fixing for spectrum keyboard case.

ZX 80-81 Specirum 1ARDWARE

4K TOOLKIT

This is the toolkit which won acclaim in the feature in the August 1982 issue (pages 29 and 30) of Sinclair User. “It is the most impressive program, fast in execution with clear and full instructions. ..it stands out from the rest of the field." The ZXED is a powerful editor for use on the expanded ZX8l . It is intended for use by the serious BASIC programmer and offers several useful and time saving features most helpful during all stages of program development. The facilities provided are as follows: ALTER, BYTES, COPY, DELETE, FIND, HELP, INSERT, KEEP, MOVE, RENUMBER AND VERIFY. The Spectrum Toolkit contains most of the features above plus autoline numberer and append, and will run in the 16K and 48K spectrum.

Both at only $10.55

FLEXIBLE RIBBON CONNECTOR

If you have ever had whiteouts or system crashes this could be the answer. It stops the move- ment between the computer and the RAM expansion, it is supplied with a ribbon, 6 inches long, with a male connector at one end and a female at the other, at only

MEMORY, T/S1000

16K MEMORY EXPANSION $36.75

The 16K used 4116 Dynamic Ram Chips. We use the dynamic because they are much denser than static ram and occupy less space. They are also much cheaper than the equivalent product using the static Ram. The Ram is manufactured with high quality materials and uses high speed low power Rams. It is supplied ready-built and only needs to be plugged into the rear of the computer. All the components are fitted into holders. This massive add on memory which comes to you fully assembled and tested is the cheapest 16K memory available anywhere. Position in memory from 163834 to 32768 (same as the Sinclair Memory). 16K (UNCASED) $31.95 64K MEMORY EXPANSION $84.75

All the above information on the 16K also applies to the 64K Memory Expansion, but the advantage lies in the 64K giving nearly four times the memory. This advanced model has 56K of usable memory. In addition, the block from 8K to 16K can be switched out to enable the use of other add-ons. The graphics Rom is to be used in this area. Position in Memory: 8192-65536. The block from 81742-16384 5 switchable. 64K (UNCASED) $79.95

4KGRAPHICSROM = $39.95

The DK Graphic module is our latest ZX 81 accessory. This module unlike most other accessories fits neatly inside your computer under the keyboard. The module comes ready built, fully tested and complete with a 4K graphic ROM. This will give you an unbelievable 448 extra pre-programmed graphics, your normal graphic set contains only 64. This means that you now have 512 graphics and with their inverse 1024. This now tums the 8] into a very powerful computer with a graphic set rarely found on larger more expensive machines. In the ROM are lower case letters, bombs, bullets, rockets, tanks, a complete set of invaders graphics and that only accounts for about 50 of them, there are still about 400 left (that may give you an idea as to the scope of the new ROM). However, the module does not finish there, it also has a spare holder on the board which will accept a further 4K of ROM/RAM. This holder can be fitted with a IK/2K/RAM and can be used for user definable graphics so you can create your own custom character sets.

WHY WAIT? ORDER TODAY FOR FAST DELIVERY

16K Memory £22.95 16K (uncased| £19.95 64K Memory £52.95 64K (uncased) £49.95

The above illustration shows the casing for the 16K or massive 64K.

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Please add on $2.00 for PIP In enclose cheque/P.O. payable to DK Tronicstotal $ ...........

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