The magazine for Sinclair users and Timex/Sinclair users
November/December 1983
SYNC AT THE CONCERT: MUSIC AND SOUND Speech PRINTing ° ZON Music Making + Staff Learning > DEFMAG-Synthesizing Sound ° AUDISY-Digitizing Sound *- MACHINE LANGUAGE: ROM Calls - Linear Search ° DIRECTORIES: User Groups ° Newsletters > REVIEWS: ZON X-81 + Fantastic Music Machine ° Virtuoso + Aerco Disk System ° TS2040 Printer
Volume 3, Number 6
BRING YOUR COMPUTER TO LIFE
WORD PROCESSING AND REAL PRINTING TIMEX/SINCLAIR TS1000, TS1500, OR ZX81
PROFESSIONAL WORD PROCESSING AND PRINTING FOR LESS THAN THE COST OF A TYPEWRITER
$79.95 X-WORD ZX-101 == WORD-PROCESSING -p
16K ROM Software
Full RS232 Interface Word Star like commands On-line edit to 14K with 16K RAM pack:
Total cursor control, move, delete, etc.
Upper or lower case ASC ll character
SPECIAL OFFER:
Automatic paragraph $299 reformating Ready to run package e Printer $250.00 e X-Word System PRINTER e Paper Supply GORILLA/BANANA e All cables 10” Carriage Real Cost $370.00 5 X 7 Dot Matrix Your Savings $71
50 Characters per sec 5 or 10 Characters per in Tractor Feed
Timex 1000 and 1500 computer software for home, entertainment, and business Timex 2040 Printers and Paper
Timex 2000 software — Spread Sheet and Database
e Consolidation of Files e Generation of Reports e Color Graphics
ORDER TODAY BY PHONE FROM OUR SPECIAL 800 NUMBER OR MAIL IN YOUR CHOICE. WE ACCEPT VISA OR MASTERCARD.
DATA-ASSETTE
All orders are subject to a $4.95 handling/shipping charge
Mail Order Department (800) 523-2909 56 South 3rd Street (215) 932-4807 in PA Oxford, PA 19363
“If you already own a printer then X-word is available for $79.95. If you only need the printer then its cost is $250.00. Send $2.50 for our full catalogue and receive $2.50 credit on first purchase.
CIRCLE 21 ON READER SERVICE CARD
FOR FASTER & EASIER DATA ENTRY
WITH YOUR E-Z KEYBOARD...
Here at last, is a large 60 key “TACTILE
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your ZX81, TIMEX/SINCLAIR 1000 or 1500. HERE THE CLICK... FEEL THE SNAP! for every key pressed (tactile feedback) .
IT’S THE ONLY KEYBOARD WITH ALL OF
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NOT JUST A KEYBOARD REPLACEMENT BUT AN ENHANCEMENT THAT GIVES KEYBOARD FEATURES FOUND ONLY ON MORE EXPENSIVE COMPUTERS.
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Legends in three colors on the base (color coded by key function)
Oo e Molded legends on keytops (no stickers) O
8 automatic shift keys (no shifting required) for edit, delete, single & double quotes, colon, semi-colon, function and stop
2 shift keys
Numeric keypad
5” space bar
No wiring required (Just plug in)
Mounting Bezel Keytop Button Hinged Plunger Hinge Rod
Rod Standoft
Film Seal
Lamm Stainless Dome
Dome Cage
PWB Substrate
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Cables and instructions are included a
A custom designed aluminum enclosure (shown above) is available for your E-Z Key keyboard.
Measurements: Price: EC-11 (11” X 9” X 3.5") 24.95 EC-14 (14” X 9” X 3.5”) 29.95 JOYSTICK: 29.95
A joystick kit that requires no wiring and functions like the arrow keys and 0 on your computer. Plugs into E-Z Key 60 keyboard.
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CIRCLE 30 ON READER SERVICE CARD
The magazine for Sinclair users and TIMEX /Sinclair users
n=
November/December 1983 l
Volume 3, Number 6
DEPARTMENTS AG Say What? osu See eee Bennett PRINT your spoken words We Nite so ein ok os ee eK ie y T 58 Speech Synthesizers......................... Donnelly 5: Glitcholdz HORNO. oe ea ee Making your ZX/TS computer talk Olen Tit bret. es eh eee 60 The ZON X-81 Sound Generator.................. Aker Sound Hardware review B SYNC Noles. ss ike eo hee Grosjean 61 The Fantastic Music Machine.................... Harris VOTO. ee he NTR ln CORRE S Coffey, Ebbenga Music software review Y Julo Fut Ae eek Baldwin, Dralle, G2: The Parrot! a eee Donnelly TA A parity E A FRN acta Weel iat Sok eres Midura, Rowland, Smith Sound hardware review 1? Michen SINO. io Sk eee Groupe Go Virtliode AS ES Grosjean Turning tables on the bank Music software review O7 > Hardware Tips... oc de Hartung, Ingle MACHINE LANGUAGE Hardware questions and answers 64 Hello, Z80 Calling ............................. Doakes TT nand COLO SING. ia to Ms A Introduction to machine code, part 5 THe Vide Technology VZ200...... chi. ....... ¿ee Ahl Plotimoa Prolócille. 00. lisa lo cd Grosjean 72. Lear SOFA A A VA Woods Retrieving information from files Tor A A A el DIRECTORIES 104 Index to Advertisers............... ies | 83 Directory of User GrOupS..............ooooccccconro SYNC AT THE CONCERT 88 Directory of NewsletterS..................o0.oooooo.... A O re REE Met ECR RSE SEM ee (RSS ei LeMon Digitize and store sound phase data REVIEWS fo DEFMAG ue. a ee ee LeMon 90 The Aerco Disk Drive System.................... Caley The ZX/TS computer as music synthesizer Hardware review 32 Wind Chimes and the ZX/TS Computer.......... Scholz 93 Cyborgwars.................... Peter and Eric Hoffman Tuning calculations on the computer Game review 38 Staff: Teacher and Tester......................... Aker 94 The TS2040 Printer ........................... Glidden Staff learning in music education Hardware review 42 Making Music with the ZON X-81................. Aker 96 Computer Battleground..................... Hoornaert Playing tunes with your ZX/TS computer Two book reviews Staff Volume 3, Number 6 Founder/Editor-in-Chief........... David Ahl SYNC (USPS: 585-490; ISSN: 0279-5701) is issues), $42. Canada: $3 per year additional. Other Managing. Eater o A Paul Grosjean published bi-monthly by Ahl Computing, Inc., a foreign: $5 per year additional. Contributing Editor. .......... David Ornstein subsidiary of Ziff-Davis Publishing Company. David Subscriptions: For all inquiries concerning sub- Art Editor................ Diana Negri Rudio Ahl, President; Elizabeth B. Staples, Vice-President; scriptions, new orders, renewals, change of address TEDESCO al hee Karen Brown Selwyn Taubman, Treasurer; Bertram A. Abrams, (include name and old ZIP or old mailing label), Operations Manager. ........ Patricia Kennelly Secretary. 39 E. Hanover Ave., Morris Plains, NJ problems, etc., write to: SYNC Magazine, PO Advertising Sales Manager..... Karen Musmeci 07950. Second class postage paid at New York, Box 2939, Boulder, CO 80302.
The Consumer Computer and Electronics Division Ziff-Davis Publishing Company.
A E pr Cate, tees Larry Sporn Vice President/
a AA J. Scott Briggs Vice President/
Circulation Ai 3S at Carole Mandel Vice President/
General Manager ........ Eileen G. Markowitz Creative Director ni aro <<<... Peter J. Blank Promotion Manager ......... Ronni Sonnenberg 2
NY 10001 and at additional mailing offices.
Copyright? 1983 by Ahl Computing, Inc. All rights reserved.
Permissions: Material in this publication may not be reproduced in any form without permission. Requests for permission should be directed to Bette Amado, Ziff-Davis Publishing Company, One Park Ave., New York, NY 10016.
Subscription rates: USA: One year (6 issues), $16; two years (12 issues), $30; three years (18
Advertising: For advertising information, contact Karen Musmeci, SYNC Advertising Sales Manager, Ziff-Davis Publishing Company, One Park Ave., New York, NY 10016 (phone: 212/725-4216).
All other correspondence: Send to: SYNC, 39 E. Hanover Ave., Morris Plains, NJ 07950. In U.K. to: SYNC, 10 Bishops Way, Sutton Coldfield, W. Midlands B74 4XU.
Postmaster: Send address changes to: SYNC, PO Box 789-M, Morristown, NJ 07960.
Cover by Bob Aiese
November/December 1983 © SYNC
New from EEE
FDC-100 SERIES FLOPPY DISK
SYSTEM for TIMEX SINCLAIR USERS
Available in both single disk and double disk configuration
m Up to 250 K bytes per side = High speed up to 31.2 K character/sec
= SAVE and LOAD from Timex/Sinclair BASIC no PEEK’s, POKE’s or USR’s
= All commands fully integrated into Timex/Sinclair Basic and do not interfere with tape SAVE and LOAD
= System compatible with other computers = Extensive command list
= Create your own data types via READ and WRITE physical track commands
99... for FDC-101 single drive system)
Coming Soon COLOR SIN 81
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(SPECIAL: Order with LOS-200 Tape Loading System and pay only $14.00 save over 50%).
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a LED indicators show: volume too high o or di low-noisey tape end of program-“voice over”.
= Earphone plug allows you to listen to the tape while setting up and while loading tape. You can hear drop outs and bad tone setting quite easily.
= Reset switch allows starting computer from “K” without removing power plug.
® SAVE/LOAD switch allows both EAR and MIKE to be plugged into computer at once. You may simply switch between SAVE and LOAD.
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letters
Adding a Joystick
Dear Editor:
James Stephens’ “Adding a Joystick” (SYNC 3:4) begs an additional hardware improvement for greater versatility by making it operable in both normal (Atari VCS) and modified (TS1000) modes. Simply add an SPDT toggle switch.
Instead of soldering the center lead to KB4 directly as indicated in Figure 1, route it to the middle contact of the toggle switch. Then connect the remaining two switch contacts to the joystick edge traces KB4 and D3. Mount the switch assembly in a desirable location, e.g., ream a hole in the case (be careful not to damage the computer insides). You now have a switch selectable joystick.
Mike Lagodmos 7035 Grovespring Dr. R.P.V., CA 90274
Dear Editor:
To get 8 directions on the Atari joystick (SYNC 3:4), enter these lines:
10 LET A=(INT SQR (PEEK 16421* PEEK 16422))
20 PRINT A
30 PAUSE 120
40 GOTO 10 Then move the joystick to each of the 8 positions plus the fire button. Write down each code that is printed and use it in the new cursor control code.
The variable Last K located at 16421 is a two byte variable, and line 10 will produce a one byte value for each position of the joystick. It is an arbitrary value that simu- lates half a decode of the keyboard and will work well.
The Basic program in Listing 1 in the article will produce an unexpected reverse motion of the cursor in the X axis as lines 70 and 76, 145 and 150 have the + and - values reversed.
Ed Hostetler 30224 Westlawn Dr. Bay Village, OH 44140
4
Making Backups for ML Tapes
Dear Editor:
Jack Ryan’s article “Making Backups for Machine Language Tapes” (SYNC 3:1) tells how to PEEK into the code of ML programs stored above RAMTOP and store that code into the array of a Basic program which is then SAVEd to tape. To reload the ML program, you must lower RAM- TOP to its required location, and then LOAD and run the Basic program. This reverses the process by POKEing the code back into its original location.
Readers who have trouble LOADing some ML programs backed up this way may have one of these problems:
1) You may have to set the GOSUB stack as well as RAMTOP to a lower location. In this case, press NEW after POKEing in the required lower value of RAMTOP. This executes the ZX/TS in- itialization routine which relocates the
Hardware Problems
Dear Editor:
I purchased my ZX81 when it first came out and, after installing a new power plug and a flexible cable to the RAM, I finally decided to stop playing with it. I rubbed mercury on the edge connector. Since mercury does not sustain corrosion, I have not had any trouble since. My ZX81 stays on 24 hours a day, 7 days a week when I am working on it.
I have not had any LOADing problems since I realized that new tape recorders could come with dirty heads.
Paul J. Beatty 7634 N. Greenview Chicago, IL 60626
Dear Editor:
After adding a keyboard and a 32K RAM to my TS1000, I have had problems with my keyboard dumping out my pro- grams.
GOSUB stack and the machine stack to just below the current (lower) value of RAMTOP. Then LOAD and RUN the Basic program.
2) You may have a shortage of memory (report code 4). The program in the article will back up ML programs up to about 2.3K long when using a 16K RAM. If you run out of storage, try making these changes in the Basic program:
270 DIM E$(C) 290 LET E$(N)=CHR$ PEEK (D+N) 340 POKE (D+N),CODE ES(N)
Storing the code in a character array instead of a numeric array allows you to back up ML programs three times as long.
Ed Shaughnessy
151 Daniel Low Terr.
Staten Island, NY 10301
I solved this problem by replacing the keyboard diodes with a buffer amp (74LS244). I used a 20 pin wirewrap socket with the legs bent to fit. Enable lines, pins 1 and 19, are tied to ground and the outputs of the buffer amp go to the key- board.
My solution for RAM pack wobble was a 48 conductor ribbon cable soldered directly to the motherboard.
Raymond E. Townsend 2233 E. 8th St., Sp 294 Pueblo, CO 81001
Help
Dear Editor:
I am searching for a program which will find the inverse of a matrix. As an engineering student, I have many occa- sions to use such a program. Is there anyone who sells such a program? Michael L. Miller 721 E. Buerkin Peoria, IL 61603 Fa
November/December 1983 © SYNC
Timebox
UNLEASH THE POWER IN YOUR ZX81, TS1000!
THE: COMPLETE: TIMEBOXS
SYSTEM TRANSFORMS YOUR SINCLAIR
INVESTMENT INTO A POWERFUL PERSONAL COMPUTER CAPABLE OF ACCESSING THOUSANDS OF CP/M® BASED PROGRAMS. gg -
Timebox® is a modular system that allows the ZX81, TS1000 to function as a powerful micro-computer capable of commercial applications supporting large printers, disk files, modem, and the industry standard CP/M® disk operating system.
BASE SYSTEM: Metal cabinet with standard typewriter detachable keyboard * Keyboard fully buffered to allow speed typing, repeat and user defined keys * Motherboard with buffered expansion bus (4 ports expandable to 6) * Inside connectors for plugging the TS1000 printed board, the TS16K memory and up to three commercially available add-ons into the system e In board power supply for the computer, the expansion bus and the 5 1/4” floppy disk drive e Reset and on/off buttons ® Power on light * Standard video monitor output. All for $ 199.00.
SYSTEM OPTIONS: CP/M® disk system e Memory expansion of 32K and 64K + Centronics printer interface * RS232 interface e 5 1/4” floppy disk drive
The VAL Corporation.
1621 N. Wakefield St., O Rush me one Timebox® base system at $ 199.00
plus $ 8.50 shipping and handling.
O Or, send complete brochure to:
Address:
with controller © Modem œ% 80 column video display.
To order by phone call: (703) 243-0545 The VAL Corporation. 1621 N. Wakefield St.,
CP/M® is a registered trade mark of Digital Reserch Inc.
City:
Check O
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CONVERSION CAN BE COMPLETED IN FIVE MINUTES. THE ONLY TOOL REQUIRED IS A SCREWDRIVER.
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Glitchoidz Report
Machine Code and Your TV Screen 3:4.
Figure 1 will work as described without a 16K RAM pack. If you use the 16K, the screen is automatically filled up with spaces. Thus an “empty” line consists not of just the character 118 (the “enter” character), but of 32 spaces (character 0) followed by the “enter” character.
For those especially desperate for a machine code translation of Figure 7, see Figure 1.
Payroll 3:5, p. 4. Change: 978 IF M$=“Z” THEN GOTO 975
Figures 3 and 4: PCB Differences 3:5 70 IF A<64 THEN GOTO 50 P. 4, col. 2, ist par. Figure 7: AB-A15 should be A8-A15. 120 GOTO 20 Figure 1. Basic Line Machine number Code Label Mnemonics 20 237,91, 12, 64 TWENTY: LD DE, (16396) 30 33, 20, 0 LD HL, 20 40 29 ADD HL, DE 50 126 FIFTY: LD A, (HL) 60 60 INC A 70 254, 38 CP 38 56,5 JRC, ONE-TEN 80 54, 28 LD (HL), 28 90 43 DEC HL 100 24,-11 JR FIFTY 110 119 ONE-TEN: LD (HL), A 120 24, -22 JR TWENTY
November/December 1983 © SYNC
The Logical Operators 3:5 P. 77, col. 3, last line: (.9 OR P>=100)
Brick Buster 3:5
The game worked for us with the code as printed in Figure 2. However, reader Carl S. Lucas, Jr., found it necessary to change the code at 40F4 from DB04 to DBFE in order to make the paddle move. This change also worked for us.
Line notes:
120: A (30)
190: Space (31)
Extensions to Basic 3:5
Figure 1.
500 REM ABE, IKE,
Listings 4-8: Omit lines 1-5 in each.
The next to last paragraph of the article should begin: “You can plot...”
The author reports a minor bug that sometimes causes data to be misread. To correct the bug, type the programs as instructed in the article if you have not already done so. LOAD Listing 2 from tape, but do not press ENTER. Instead press EDIT, STOP, and then ENTER. Next type in:
POKE 16525,6 POKE 16533,32 RUN SAVE Listing 2 back to tape.
a
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CIRCLE 35 ON READER SERVICE CARD
1K RAM Type in the following lines:
UARE-5.75 S42 URRE -PI SSuRREea +6
52 PRINT 38R PI SQUARE 78 GOTO 33
Put the computer in SLOW mode, press RUN, and ENTER. Watch as the number approaches pi. Note that PI SQUARE is a variable and SQR is a function on the keyboard. The PI function is not used in this program. Can you understand the mathematics involved here? Our thanks to:
Richard C. Ebbenga RR 1
Butterfield, MN 56120
1K RAM; 2K RAM Type in the following lines without any
additional RAM. If you have a RAM pack, disconnect it.
10 GOSUB 10
20 PRINT “A”;
30 RETURN Type RUN and ENTER, and wait until error code 4 appears. (While the program is running, try turning up the volume on your television and pressing the SHIFT key. This is not the “Try This” point; we discovered it in trying the program.) When the error code appears, type as a direct command RETURN and ENTER. Wait for error code 5 to appear. What happens if you type RETURN again. Could this be developed into a programming technique?
ZX PRO-FILE
2K RAM (or more)
This program is very similar to the previous program. Can you figure this one out? Type in the following lines:
10 GOSUB 10 100 FAST 20 PRINT “A”; 110 POKE 16389,255 30 PAUSE B 120 CLS 40 RETURN 130 LET B=1 140 GOTO 10
After entering the program, type RUN 100 and ENTER. When the error code 4 appears, type RETURN and ENTER asa direct command. Watch the display. Keep in mind that the screen is filling in FAST mode. Our thanks for these two programs go to:
John Coffey
PO Box 448
Scottsburg, IN 47170 Fa
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14.95 each or ALL 3 FOR pte pes es $ . OR $25 * EZ-HEX — Write, edit, test, and save * TEACHER’S GRADEBOOK — Grade records, machine code hex programs. 16K $12.95
Statistical analysis, and more. 16K $12.95
* NFL***** USFL STATISTICAL SUMMARY Complete statistics for every team in the league. 3 versions, USFL ’83, NFL ’81 -'83, NFL ’82 "84. NFL covers two seasons. You update weekly. 16K $14.95
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“The most useful and economical program dedicated to the task of data handling that | have found yet”. SYNC, Jan. - Feb.. 1983 $1 4.95
* METAGRAPHICS — Draw and save any graphic pattern with machine code cursor control. 16K $14.95
* CHECKSTUB — Register and Budget. $12.95
uation Grapher $14.95
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S&H $1.25 + $.50 for each add'l cassette Ohio Residents 512 °o Sales Tax
FAST DELIVERY Tota PHONE ORDERS WELCOME
CIRCLE 42 ON READER SERVICE CARD
November/December 1983 © SYNC
SL] 7 C notes Paul Grosjean
SYNC at the Concert
Our theme section this issue is “SYNC at the Concert” with a focus on sound applications. While we have articles on music and articles on speech, we had no articles (or proposals even) for putting the two together to make the computer sing! We hope that the music capabilities of the computer (along with the software and hardware) open up new fun and cre- ative opportunities for you whether you are a musician or not. The speech appli- cations of computer technology offer some exciting possibilities for the speech and hearing impaired.
In volume 1 of SYNC we published two articles on using the ZX80 for making music. “Robot Composer” by Cecil Bridges and “Making Music with the ZX80” by Richard Forsen. Both articles give programs and directions for using the computer to make music. These articles, with trans- lations for the ZX81/TS1000 are both included in The Best of SYNC, vol. 1.
Next Issue
Our theme section next time will look again at home and office applications— keyboards, printers, word processing and tax packages.
Timex/Sinclair Celebration
The Sinclair-Timex User Group of the Boston Computer Society is sponsoring a Timex/Sinclair Celebration in honor of lts second anniversary on Saturday, October 22, from 10 a.m. to 6 p.m. at the Boston Park Plaza Hotel in downtown Boston.
8
This event will not only recognize the achievements and accomplishments of the various user group members, but also will demonstrate how the TS1000 series com- puters can be used in everyday life, e.g., business, home, education, and entertain- ment. The group guarantees that you will leave at the end of the day with some concrete ideas of what can be done with the “inexpensive” TS computers.
Vendors from all over the country will demonstrate and sell products compatible with the TS computers, e.g., software, hardware, publications, and services. In addition, Manufacturers Marketplace, a local Timex retailer, plans to be selling TS computer systems, including the new TS1500 and TS2068, subject to availability, as well as the full line of TS software.
There will be workshops and seminars given by BCS user group members, vendors, and Boston educators, to name a few.
For further details,contact the Boston Computer Society, 3 Center Plaza, Boston, MA 02114, (617) 367-8080.
ZX Microdrive
Sinclair’s ZX Microdrive for the Spectrum was introduced in the U.K. in mid-summer. The Microdrive, based ona Sinclair designed, Ferranti custom-built chip, will store a minimum of 85K on removable magnetic cartridges. A typical 48K program can be loaded in as little as 3.5 seconds. The drive is powered by the Spectrum’s power supply.
A FORMAT command initializes the cartridge. The CAT command enables the contents to be read and displays the cartridge name, up to 50 files in alphabetical order, and the free space in kilobytes.
The controller is the ZX Interface 1. This multi-purpose unit can support up to
eight Microdrives for a total of 680K. It also incorporates an RS232 interface which will permit linking the Spectrum to other computers, e.g., a local area network can link up to 64 Spectrums (transmitting at 100Kbaud); drive other peripherals, e.g., full-size printers; and transmit data over telephone lines with a modem.
Sinclair is encouraging widespread development of Microdrive application software by supplying Microdrives and blank cartridges in bulk to the leading independent software houses. a"
before trying to enter rhe program.
A letter after ie number shows the
on a thie Ee, keyboard should not out. Enter it ee E
November/December 1983 © SYNC
Just por
Lots of Pi
Blanchard Smith
8K ROM; 16K RAM
This program computes the value of Pi to 8, 16, 32, . . . up to 8192 decimal places! It uses base-100 arithmetic rather than decimal arithmetic and puts the num- bers in character strings rather than arrays of five-byte numbers. It uses long-division to get the terms of Taylor's series expan- sion of the arctangent, and long-addition to get the algebraic sum until the term vanishes.
But do not wait with baited breath for the answer. It takes about 60 hours (FAST
Blanchard D. Smith, 2509 Ryegate Ln., Alex- andria, VA 22308.
e e A =- ==” Z =. E = = 19 REM PI TO 4,3,15 Sise DECIMAL PLACES 20: LET. T=18e 30 FOR J=2 TO 12 48 LET H=2:++ +1 Se DIM ASiS. MH: sa LET Agiii= FE LET Agificg 20 LET A$iZž, 1) s=CHRS 15 of LET D=5 isa GOSUEB 4708 118 LET S=1 124 LET O=25 139 FOR. E=1 TO 9E9 STEP 2 ij GOBUS 8868 isa GOSUB ¿708€ 16@ LET S3=-3 170 IF 2<¢30 THENS HEAT E LSA LET Agioias* + = = * * -+ > "A 138 LET Agia, =sCHRE 4 SEG LET Dz fie COSUEB ¿700 pm Eas E y i S =— % So int. ? A T b 230 FOR Esl TO SES STEP 2 248 cosa 5008 232 GOSUBD ¿7082 254 LET. S=-5 278 GOSUB ¿798 250 IF 22206 THEN NEXT. E 230 COSUB 5888 288 NEXT J Sie STor Gee CLEAR Soe LET X$ = “PI S48 BAHE 5 SEQ RU 4788 LET A=8 AER ie P a 728° LET ZO 4728 FOR K=1 TO H 4738 LET ASCODE Agis.,ki¢A 47408 LET G=INT (AJLI 4758 LET ARIZ, KI sCHRE E
November/December 1983 © SYNC
mode, naturally) to compute Pi to 2048 decimal places! If you do not have a printer, modify the subroutine at 6000 to PRINT a page and STOP before
continuing.
4768 LET R=A-Deo
4778 LET A=ReT
4730 LET Z=Z OR (0+R)
4730 NEXT E
¿ca RETURN
suda LET A-u
5100. FOR Kel. TO H
SLLA LET A=CODE A$ iž, K1 -+A
piza LET @s=iNT AZE?
Sis@ LET A#A$iZ, KE! =<CHRSE E
sii LET A= tR-E soi 4T
5158 NEXT K
3100 LET C=8
SiYe IF 3:28 THEN GoTo S248
3130% FOR K=H To STEP -i
sida LET A=CODE SE11,R3+cC0o0bE As 3,KI14+0
5200 LET C=A>sT
5210 LET A$i1,K} =CHR$§ (2-17 ANE EY
3228 NEXT OE
52348 RETURN
S5240. FOR Eh TO 1 STEP -
S258 LET A-CODE AR11,E5-CoObDE AS Ce A
5258 LET CAC
5270 LET AR11,Ki=CHRA$ 1A+1T ANE 5228 NEXT E
z235 RETURN
zoga LPRINT
suela LET Pes".
sz FOR Ez TO H-i
cu30 LET x= "20 "+275% CODE AIIE +
i
cuida LET PRs=Ps$+kRt(lLEN s-i To Sga IF LEN PS: THEN NEET OE SAYA LPRINT OPS
60509 LET Pg=""
Susa HEXT E
siga RETURN
Explanation??? Robert J. Midura
8K ROM; 1K RAM Type in the following lines:
E A a di PRINT 1a HN re: FQ -i STEP 188
3@ NEXT L 48 PRINT ATF 3,29;£ S@ NEXT L Sð PRINT AT S.29;b 7a NEXT
7 Ls S@ PRINT AT 7,29;L 20 LET L=L*4
E 2,29;L 129 PRINT AT 11,29;L 140 PRINT AT 13,29;L
NEXT L, 16@ PRINT AT 15,29;L 170 LET L=-181
Xx NOTE ERROR 9728
For best results use SLOW mode. Press RUN and ENTER. Observe the results. How does this one work?
Robert J. Midura, 19 Merrifield St., Worcester, MA 01605.
Richochet Revisited David R. Rowland
8K ROM; 1K RAM
One of the pleasures of the “Just for Fun” column comes from typing in the program, playing around with it, and coming up with something new or different. This particular program started out as
David R. Rowland, 97 Essex Ave., Montclair, NJ 07042.
6 LET E=RND*4-2 7 LET M=RND#4-2
19 IF Yo42 THEN LET Y=42 20 IF X=@ OR X=42 THEN LET E=-
21 IF Y=0 OR Y=42 THEN LET M=- 22 GOTO 10
Ko)
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CIRCLE 54 ON READER SERVICE CARD
James John Hollandsworth’s “Richochet” (SYNC 3:2) and evolved into something rather different with only a few changes. Run in SLOW mode. Be patient. If the first pattern does not please, try again..
INPUT Anywhere
Matt Dralle 8K ROM; 1K RAM
If you have ever wanted to INPUT variables from somewhere other than the bottom left hand corner of the screen, “INPUT Anywhere” is the answer.
The program allows any number be- tween 0 and 9999 to be INPUTted any- where on the screen. Negative numbers cannot be used.
To change the INPUT location, change the PRINT AT statements in lines 15 and 40. Be certain that the Y coordinate in line 15 is one less than that of line 40. When INPUTting numbers less than 1000, be sure to add preceding zeros, e.g., 0020, not 20.
The ENTER key need not be pressed after the number is typed in. On the last keystroke, the entire number automatically goes into variable A, and the program continues.
Matt Dralle, 2937 Layton Dr., Davis, CA 95616.
20 LET Us=INKEYS
25 IF Us="" THEN GOTO 28
34 LET AS=A5+U%$
40 PRINT AT 39,180;A%
SU. NEXT-.I
59 LET A=(CODE. A$-25) +1002
7@ LET A=A+ (CODE Ag 120-291 4188 32 LET AsA+(CODE Agia! -25)3 418 50 LET A=A+CODE A$ i4) -25
189 PRINT A
COPYing Lines 23 and 24
William H. Baldwin
When I got my TS2040 printer, I found that it would COPY the top 22 lines of the display. Quite a few programs use the bottom two lines, yet these are not available to the printer by the COPY command.
All 24 lines can be COPYed with the short machine code routine below. Type in the following line:
1 REM -/LN BTAN Type in the immediate mode POKE 16517,107
Then any where in the program that you want to COPY the screen, add the following line preceded by the appropriate line number:
(line number) RAND USR 16514 This line should come immediately after the screen looks like you want it to on paper. Voila! All 24 lines of the display!
William H. Baldwin, 6016 W. 87 Terr., Overland
Pk., KS 66207. , November/ December 1983 © SYNC
Turning Tables on the Bank
After a short vacation changing jobs, being confronted with a company-wide layoff at my new job, leaving after only three months for my current job, and becoming engaged to a girl who thinks microbiology is fun, I returned to the important things in life—home com- puters.
Like the traditional young couple in suburbia, my financee and l are looking to buy a house. But calculating mortgage rates and monthly payments is an awful pain. Luckily, affordable calculators have recently become available that will do these calculations. But if you do not mind sacrificing portability, your ZX81/TS1000 will do an admirable job.
A mortgage is simply an annuity, only backwards— somewhat. An annuity is a lump sum of money, earning interest at some rate, which is being drawn upon at a regular rate, until it is used up. In the general case, you would deposit some amount of money into a bank account and make equal monthly withdrawals until the account was empty.
The four components of an annuity are the payment, present value, interest rate, and number of payments. Most business calculators will compute any of the four, given the other three. (There is a fifth component, called the future value, but it is of no interest in calculating mort- gages.)
The payment is the amount of the reg- ular withdrawal from the annuity. In the case of a mortgage, it is the amount of the monthly mortgage payment. Most bus- iness calculators have a key marked “PMT” for this value.
The present value of an annuity is its initial amount. In other words, the amount
November/December 1983 © SYNC
you initially deposited in the bank, or the amount that you borrowed from the bank, in the case of a mortgage. Most business calculators have a key marked “PV” for this value.
The interest rate is the periodic interest rate for the period between payments. For a 12% APR (annual percentage rate) mortgage, this interest rate would be 0.12 only if mortgage payments were being made annually. In general, mortgage pay- ments are made monthly and the interest rate is therefore divided by 12. Most bus- iness calculators have a key marked “i” for the interest rate.
The number of periods is simply the number of withdrawals that can be made, or the number of mortgage payments that must be made, before the annuity is used up. Most business calculators have a key marked “n” for this value.
Since single letter variable names tend to work better with tiny computers, I have chosen to use the single letter “P” to represent the payment (“PMT”) and the single letter “V” to represent the present value (“PV”). The interest rate and num- ber of payments will remain “I” and “N”, respectively.
Opening up my college accounting text- book (I had to open it eventually) we see that the present value, V, of an annuity is given by the formula.
P 1 V= => eee
or, in Basic syntax:
V=(P/1)*(1-(1/(1 +1)**N)
A little algebraic manipulation gives us the comparable formula for the amount of the payment, P:
P=(V*D/(1/(1+ D**N)
HIECNeEM —| E | gg | Alan Groupe
Isolating N on one side of the equation ives us:
V*I/P=1-(1/(1+1)**N)
1/(1+1I)**N=1-V*I/P=(P-V*I)/P/P
(1+I)**N=P/(P-V*I)
Now we take the logarithm of each side of the equation (bet you never thought you'd actually have a use for the “LN” function):
N*LN(1+1)=LN(P/(P-V*D)
And finally, the equation for the number of payments:
N=LN(P/(P-V*I))/LN(i +1)
According to my future father-in-law, there is no simple equation for directly computing the interest rate given the other three values (and it is the smart finance who listens to his future father-in- law—at least until after the wedding). Business calculators compute this value by any number of approximation methods. I chose to use a simple binary chop, as it is both easy to write and to understand.
Now that we have methods for com- puting each of the four values, given the other three, let’s build a program to use them.
On the typical business calculator, the four keys, PMT, PV, i, and n each serve two purposes. First, you enter a value by keying in a number and then pressing the appropriate key. To compute one of the values once the others have been entered, you press “shift” (“2nd,” “f,” or whatever) and then the key of the value you want to compute. The program following this art- icle works in much the same way, except that you enter a value by first pressing the key for the value you want to enter, and then typing in the value, followed by ENTER.
As an example of how to use this pro- gram, let’s determine the monthly pay- ment for a 30 year, 12.5% mortgage on
11
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12
INTERFACE THE TIMEX-SINCLAIR
To Control External Devices Teach Interfacing Skills Demonstrate Science Principles
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$52,500. After running the program (in FAST mode), you will see the current values of the payment, present value, interest rate, and number of payments. Enter the present value (the amount of the mortgage) by pressing V. The cursor will appear at the bottom of the screen, waiting for you to type in a value. Type in “52500” and press ENTER. 52500 now appears on the screen as the present value.
The interest rate of 12.5% is an annual interest rate, but mortgage payments are made monthly, so enter the interest rate by pressing I and then typing in “.125/12” and pressing ENTER. The monthly inter- est rate appears on the left of the screen, with the yearly rate to the right of it.
30 years of monthly payments is 360 payments, so press N, type in “360”, and press ENTER.
Now that you have entered the other three values, you may compute the size of the payment. Press SHIFT-P (actually you are pressing “) and after a few seconds of thinking, you will see that the monthly payment, given these other factors, is $560.31.
Now, let’s say that you want to see what would happen if you borrowed $55,000 instead. Simply enter a new value for V and press SHIFT-P again. You can do this to compute any one of the four values (calculating I takes a little longer though).
The program itself is fairly straightfor- ward. Lines 10-40 simply initialize the four values to zeros (a good idea in general). Lines 50-90 display the four values on the screen. Lines 100 and 110 wait for a key to be pressed (the use of the PAUSE statement like this is documented in chap- ter 19 of the original Sinclair manual and in chapter 16 in the Timex/Sinclair man- ual). Line 120 is simply a small space optimization since the expression
“1-(1/(1+D**N)” is used in calculating both P and V. Lines 130-160 simply read in one of the four values, depending on which key was pressed, and lines 170-200 compute one of the four values, depending on which key was pressed.
The only lines that really need some explanation are 220-290, which compute the interest rate using a binary chop algor- ithm. A binary chop is a method of com- puting a value by making successive approximations, adjusting the approxi- mation as needed, until the correct answer is determined. It is called a binary chop because at the outset it is known that the correct answer lies within a cer- tain range, and with each approximation, this range is chopped in half, until only the correct answer is left.
In our example, it is clear that the lowest possible value for the interest rate is O (line 220). It is also almost as clear
that the highest possible value is P/V (line 230). If the interest rate were equal to P/V that would mean that the entire payment would be interest, with no pay- ment to principal, and therefore the mort- gage would never be paid off (actually, there are some variable rate mortgages available now where the monthly payment does not even cover the interest, but this program only works on mortgages that can eventually be paid off).
Listing 1.
TOLET ZO LET JO: ET 40 LET 0 CLS 60 PRINT. “P=">3P
70 PRINT "U="3U
80 PRINT *I=">1,"Ix*12=",Ix*12 90 PRINT "N=";N
100 PAUSE 40000
110 LET K#=INKEYS
120 LET D=1-(1/(1+1)%*N)
130 IF K$="P" THEN INPUT P
140 IF K$="0U" THEN INPUT Y
150 IF K$="I" THEN INPUT I
160 IF K$="N" THEN INPUT N
170 IF K$=CHR$ 11 THEN LET P=V%
y A | "unnn ooo ©
180 IF K$="/" THEN LET V=P/1#D 190 IF K$="(" THEN GOSUB 220 200 IF K$="<" THEN LET N=LN (P/ CP-VELIISL EM Ci +1)
210 GOTO 50
220 LET LI=0
230 LET HI=P/¥V
240 LET I=(LI+HI)/2
250 LET Z=V#I/(1-Ci/(C1+1) ##N)) 260 IF Z=P THEN RETURN
270 IF- <P THEN LET LIST 2600 TF Z>P THEN -LET-HMI=1 290 GOTO 240
Now that we have the initial range, we compute the midpoint (line 240) and com- pute the monthly payment using this mid- point as the guess of the interest rate (line 250). Note that we can not use our value of D from line 120 in this case since I is changing. If the payment computed here equals the payment we entered earlier (to the accuracy of the machine), then we have arrived at the correct value of I and can return (line 260). If not, then we determine whether the correct answer lies in the upper or lower half of the range we just used, adjust the range accordingly (lines 270-280) and try again. If the pay- ment we computed is less than the actual payment entered (line 170), then our guess for I was too low and the correct answer lies in the upper half of the range. There- fore, the lower bound (LI) is adjusted upward. If the payment computed is more than the actual payment (line 280) then the corect answer lies in the lower half of the range and the upper bound (HI) is adjusted. Eventually this range becomes small enough to return just a single value. which is our answer. a
November/December 1983 © SYNC
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CIRCLE 68 ON READER SERVICE CARD
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AUDISY Ron LeMon
“AUDISY”—Audio Digitizer/Syn- thesizer—is a 65 byte machine code rou- tine that allows you to digitize and store the data for any sound phrase on your ZX/TS computer with 16K RAM. You may then synthesize the sound at will or study the data field.
AUDISY Programming Instructions
Since our machine code contains an unlistable value (code 126), it cannot be stored in an ordinary REM statement. Instead we will load the code into an un- listed REM statement located between the listed program and the display file. This requires unique USR calls ref- erenced below the display file (the vari- able F).
Enter the program as follows:
1) Type in a numbered REM state- ment containing 61 characters:
Diet SETE ELE
Press ENTER. 2) Type in the immediate mode: POKE 16509,118 —
3) Type in Listing 1. Press RUN and ENTER.
4) Type in the decimal machine code from Table 1, going from left to right and pressing ENTER after each number.
5) When all the code has been entered, delete the loader program by typing in the line number followed by ENTER. Do not use NEW or you will wipe out the code.
6) Type in Listing 2, the driver pro- gram. This requires 16K.
You are now ready to use the program.
AUDISY Operating Theory
AUDISY operates as two separate routines. A call to USR (F-66) starts the digitizer - (see AUDISY disassembly). First, RAMTOP is automatically low- ered to location 18000 to provide a 14000 byte storage area up to loca- tion 32000. This vast field will be used to store digitized waveform data and will provide an aperature just sec- onds wide depending on the mean fre- quency stored. The higher the mean frequency, the narrower the aperature.
As the digitizer operates, register D is
Ron LeMon, 1601 West 400 South, #86, Salt Lake City, UT 84014. AUDISY and DEFMAG are avail- able on one tape from the author for $14.95 pp.
14
loaded with the value 255 and then decremented to contain 254. Register A is loaded with zero to set up the input code. If no signal is present at the input (the ear jack), the value 63 is returned by register A which causes a jump to be made to decrement D and to recycle the input loop. If a signal is present at the input, the value currenily in register D is placed into the present location in the data field pointed to by the HL register pair.
A predominance of value 254 in- dicates a high noise level or an input sig- nal that has a high frequency component
— Listing 1. 16K MC routine; 2K MC loader. —
= IAS B® RQ Ue PI be ee ER E ee E E
— Listing 2. 16K MC routine; 16K MC driver.__
199 FAST — T a : ULEI
105 LET FsPEEK 16395+255*+PEEK 1 BSS
110 RAND USR (F-66:
115 PAUSE 464
120 RAND USE (F-38)
23 PAUSE ¿Ed
36 GOTG 128
exceeding the sensitivity of the input loop. The lower the number stored in the data field the lower the frequency that it represents. The full scale sensitivity of the digitizer is calculated to be 295 Hz to 26K Hz. These are theoretical limits and are drastically reduced by such factors as noise and stray input capacitance, etc.
The signal amplitude is important since any waveform not sufficiently loud will not be processed. Excessive signal, however, will cause distortion.
The synthesizer operates by address- ing USR (F-36). One byte at a time, val- ues are taken from the data field and loaded into register A which provides the timing delays for toggling the out- put. The output signal is provided at the mic jack on the computer and requires amplification. The Sinclair output bus is shared by the RF modulator. This means that the sound will be available over the TV audio system.
Only about 2/,K of memory is left af- ter setting RAMTOP to provide the data storage area. This limits the user’s pro- gram development. It is now possible, however, to LOAD a new program while not affecting the data stored above
RAMTOP. This may prove useful when extensively processing or studying the stored data. The data field cannot be SAVEd on tape by the usual means.
Audisy Operating Instructions
After LOADing AUDISY, prepare the input source. If you choose to digi- tize music or voice from a cassette tape, you will have to experiment with the volume control. It will take some prac- tice to learn to cue the tape to the begin- ning of the digitizer routine.
Another input source is direct micro- phone. Plug a microphone into the mic
Table 1. Machine code data.
peek Be B64. Ss (68 235 464 re Sw Oe re pe 255i a bee 21S 254 254 63 48 e247 114 ized 35 254 125 32 238 201 33 &8 Fe fe i 125 254 254 48 15 560. 254 254 32 251 247 255 126 68 254 254 32 251 2139 254 el ve 203 184 Sou: 2S4 les Se eas “=r
=e
po
________ Table 2. AUDISY disassembly. _____ —
The value of F “44 LD HL, 16388 63 AD HE, 80 "61 INC HL
60 UD: CHEVY ZO -58 LD HL, 18000
95 LD D, 235
¡set RAMTOP to 18000
¿data field start.
US od UA 8 ¿this loop
“32% LD A,0 counts down
-50 IN A, 254 until INFUT
-48 CF, 63 acknowledged.
Ab TROL AS
-44 LD (HL), D ¿store data byte. -43 LD AH ¿test for end of ~42 INC HL data field; if not ~41 CP. 125 end then find next Ts a y ded loc. and recycle. “oF NES
~36 LD HL, 18000 ¿data field start. 33 LDD ¿set no. of cycles -l. “31 EDA, THE) ¿set delay (freq). ROSOR ES disregard
ek = UA LAS ¿noise.
-26 INC A
-25 CP, 254 -23 JR NZ,-26 -21 GUT 255,4 -19 LD A, (HL) -18 INC A
-17 CF, 254 -15 JR NZ,-18 -13 IN 4,254
¿test for end
of delay.
¿turn on output. ¿set delay ‘freq).
¡test for end of delay turn off output.
11 "DEG=D ¿next cycle. —TO SR NZD =B- LDA H ¡test for end of FINE HL data field; if not E COSTES end then next data E y ZS AS byte and recycle. on eee S
input of your recorder or use the built-in condenser mic, if provided. Put in a blank tape and set the cassette to record. Press pause on the recorder if you do not want the tape to advance. Make sure the ear jack on the computer is connected to the ear jack on the tape recorder.
November/December 1983 © SYNC
NOW! A COMPLETE LIBRARY OF
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Now for under $20, you can get a complete collection of 20 quality, reliable and user-friendly programs on two cassette tapes. Although easy enough for beginners to use, even computer ex- perts will find these programs useful. In fact, as useful as other program packages costing several times more.
Discover the Power of Your Timex Sinclair Computer!
We've developed the programs that you want and need. Useful programs to assist you In home budgeting, education and many other tasks. We've also included recreational and utili- ty programs to help you unlock and explore the power of your computer.
The HOME-PAC Contains All the Following:
. BORHYTHMS— Computes and plots four weeks of your biorhythms
. ANIMALS— Popular artificial intelligence learning game
. COMPU-SKETCH— Computerized version of popular :
ETCH-A-SKETCH toy
. MICRO-ORGAN— 4 octave organ music through your TV
KALEIDOSCREEN— TV screen becomes a computerized
kaleidoscope
ADDITION DRILLS— 4 skill levels and scoreboard
SUBTRACTION DRILLS— 4 skill levels and scoreboard
. MULTIPLICATION DRILLS— 4 skill levels and scoreboard
. DIVISION DRILLS— 4 skill levels and scoreboard
. COMPUTER AIDED INSTRUCTION— General purpose
education program
11. STATISTICS— Computes mean, variance and standard deviation
12. LINEAR REGRESSION— Computes regression coefficients and displays equation
13. VECTOR MATH— Adds two vectors and provides resultant vector
14. SIMULTANEOUS EQUATION SOLVER— Solves system of simultaneous equations
15. CHECKBOOK BALANCER— Reconciles check register with bank statement
16. NET PRESENT VALUES— Computes net present value of cash flows
17. AUTO LOAN ANALYSIS— Computes amount of loan and monthly payments
18. STAR INVADER— Mini space invader game
19. MACHINE LANGUAGE MONITOR— Utility program enters and lists hex code
20. Sechelt Utility program, renumbers BASIC program
atzi PAGE USER’S MANUAL
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To digitize a sound source, enter RUN while the source is playing. If the input sound is of sustained intensity, it will allow the machine code routine to cycle out and return to Basic. After run- ning the AUDISY driver with an input signal present, the user is signalled that digitizing is complete by the brief flash on the screen as the computer goes into infinite PAUSE (line 115).
Then press any key (except BREAK) to operate the synthesizer. The syn- thesizer can operate repeatedly by press- ing a key to interrupt PAUSE. Press BREAK and then enter RUN to digitize a new sound phrase. You may also de- lete line 125 for a continuously repeating playback. Remember that any time changes are made to the program listing the display file moves about. This means that the program line establishing the variable F must be entered directly or read during the program operation in or- der to properly reference the USR addresses.
You may hear the synthesizer output
Figure 1. Program A.
16
O footy HD fete E fost fete PASAS
-=
Figure 4. Program D.
~| Yi --
-| we COE A
Ph E E th eat bee PLD AEE fei E
=] Tl pe
CC T
Oa TA DST oof EET
directly over the TV set. Turn up the volume and adjust the fine tuning con- trol for the best sound. For better fidel- ity you may record the output on tape to be played back. Connect the mic jack of the computer to the mic jack of the recorder.
I prefer to use a small amplifier to reproduce the synthesized sound. The Archer Mini Amplifier with built-in speaker (cat. 4277-1008) from Radio Shack is ideal for this project.
Figure 5. Program E.
m=
A > a
po ho VE ME E A E
pi M
o A e i - s L >»
Experimenter Notes
This section deals with ways of conve- niently displaying the huge data field stored above RAMTOP. The simplest routines display the data field as 218 frames of 64 byes each plotted onto the screen. Program A plots a frame at a time with a pause between. Program B superimposes frame upon frame as a possible method for observing repeating patterns. The higher frequencies are at the top, and time advances from left to right. Similarly, Program C averages samples from the data field and plots them onto one screen frame. Examples are shown to adjust ranging. Program D simulates the modulation envelope of the sound sample. Maximum and minimum values are plotted and can be altered to show the effects of filtration. Program E scrolls plotted data from the bottom of the screen. This program compresses the time scale by eliminating all bytes that contain noise (code 254) allowing easier visualization of the component wave- forms. Higher frequencies are to the right, and time advances from top to bottom. It may take a while for signifi- cant displays to develop with any of these programs.
Whether you use AUDISY to charac- terize waveforms for voiceprint identi- fication in a science fair project or as an amusing mimic toy, you will find this a stimulating project.
November/ December 1983 © SYNC
in ang out OF Sync
David H. Ahi
David Grosjean
_ of these systems. ' : another computer. — | | Inaddition, we will sometimes take a program or two and show what it would be like to write and run the program on the Brand X computer compared to the
Whats sa a Brand x doing lo S YNC Magazine? OOO = Withi improving technology and intensifying c competition in the small computer market, more and more computers are available at prices within a few steps of the - - Timex/Sinclair units. Our sister publication, Creative Computing, evaluates many o We would like to share these reviews with those ol you considering :
- Timex/Sinclair. You will probably find these tutorials a useful aid for converting :
| programs from other sources
The Video Technology VZ200
David H. Ahil
The Video Technology VZ200 is a com- pact microcomputer with a great deal of capability and many unexpected features at a very attractive price.
The VZ200 is based on the 6502 micro- processor (used in the Apple, Commodore, and Atari computers). It comes with a 12K ROM and a sparse 4K RAM. The ROM includes the monitor and an excellent implementation of Microsoft Basic. The RAM can be expanded with either a 16K or 64K module.
The computer is 11.4” x 6.3” x 2”. Two- thirds of the top is taken up by the key- board. The 45 keys are “Chiclet” style rubber with a very short throw. Touch typing is possible only in a rather limited way. Although the key spacing is the same as on a regular typewriter, the feel is different. Much more disasterous for touch typing is the use of a single shift key anda space key instead of a space bar. Several keys do not have the expected characters; e.g., the question mark is on the L key.
On the brighter side, each key provides several functions in addition to typing a character. All the Basic commands, key- words, and functions can be produced by holding the control key (or control and RETURN) while the key is pressed. Each key produces two Basic keywords and one or two regular characters. This is most welcome since on the computers which use a single keystroke the number of Basic keywords is limited to the number of keys.
November/December 1983 © SYNC
When a key is pressed, a short “beep” indicates one keystroke. If the key is held down, it automatically repeats with a beep indicating each key entry.
The computer has an on/off light on top and an on/off switch on the side.
The Basic Language
The Basic includes 9 commands, 27 statements, 11 arithmetic functions, 9 string functions, 7 graphics and sound functions, and the expected arithmetic, relational, and Boolean operators.
Among the statements that we do not always see in a computer in this price
your Ti imex/ Sinclair computer.
The VZ200 with 16K RAM memory pack
range are: INP (reads the contents of input ports); OUT (sends values to output ports); USR (calls an assembly language subroutine); and COPY (copies the content of the screen to a printer).
We were also pleased to find both PRINT USING and PRINT @ imple- mented. The latter is useful for printing at different screen locations without having to use blank print lines or tabs. However, a tab function is also available.
On-Screen Editing Full on-screen editing makes it a pleasure to program on the VZ200. The line to be
17
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For editing, the directional keys put the cursor wherever you want
it on the screen.
edited is listed, by itself, with the whole program or with a group of lines. The cursor is moved by the directional keys to the character to be changed. Type the change, move the cursor to the end of the line, and type RETURN. Voila! The change is made. On-screen editing can also use DELETE, INSERT, and RUBOUT.
We had two small problems with on- screen editing. First, it was all too easy to hit the shift key instead of the control key because the cursor directional keys are activated by pressing the control key on the left and a directional key on the right. Probably the user can adapt to this after some practice. Second, after a while the editing buffer seemed to overflow and further editing was not accepted. Ad- mittedly, we were trying to push the com- puter over the brink, so it is unlikely that this will be a problem in normal use.
Video Display
The VZ200 produces a composite video signal for a monitor and an RF signal on Channel 2 or 3. We found the monitor
18
signal rock steady, whereas the RF signal required very precise fine tuning.
Output is in one of two modes: low- resolution text and graphics or medium- resolution graphics only. In the mixed mode, the display has 16 lines of 32 char- acters each. Alphabetic characters are available in uppercase only. Graphics are made from 16 characters which divide each screen location into four boxes with all combinations as on the ZX/TS computers.
Each of these characters can be turned on in any of eight colors. The off portion shows as black which can be considered a ninth color. Alphanumerics are displayed either as yellow on green or yellow on buff. Individual characters or the entire screen can be changed to inverse. Only one background color, green or buff, can be used at a time, and it does not affect the color of the graphics characters.
Low-resolution graphics characters can be typed into programs directly from the keyboard or called with CHR$(128) to CHR$(255) from a program.
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In medium-resolution graphics mode, the screen is 128 x 64 pixels. Each pixel is turned on by the command SET (x,y) and turned off by RESET (x,y); POINT (x,y) examines whether a pixel is on or off. The first two commands are equivalent to PSET and PRESET in some other computers.
In this graphics mode, only three colors plus the background color are available simultaneously.
Any RAM location, including screen locations, can also be changed and exam- ined by POKE and PEEK.
Musical Sounds
The single sound channel can produce 31 frequencies (2 1/2 octaves) and nine note durations (from a dotted half note to a thirty-second note). The command takes the structure: SOUND (p,d) where p is the pitch (1 to 31; 0 for a rest) and d is the duration.
Problems
In pushing the computer to the brink, we found several situations in which the only way of recovery was to turn the computer off. Even BREAK (the equivalent of RESET on some other machines) failed to return control to the user.
The most common irrevocable condition was LLIST which normally lists a program
November/ December 1983 © SYNC
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TIMEX MAKES THE COMPUTER, BUT WE MAKE IT TICK.
If you own a TS-1000 or ZX-81 computer and want to bring out the power within it, you’ll want Memotech. From easier input to high quality output and greater memory, Memotech makes the add-ons you demand. Every Memotech peripheral comes in a black anodized aluminum case and is designed to fit together in “piggy back” fashion enabling you — DD E to continue to add on and still keep an integrated system look. Printer inotaco
High Resolution Graphics Memopak RAM
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maximum width of 80 characters. The printer uses standard fanfold paper up to Pa st ee oe gig Te =] - 1/2 inches wide. The GP 100A is offered as a package including cable and pe teat a E oe: a: eal interface. Other printer packages are also i Seat o =
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ORDER AT NO RISK. All Memotech | SE RAM 149.95
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defective with 3 your Mead aa return it to us and we will repair or replace | x (Colorado residents only it free of charge. Dealer inquiries welcome. To order any Memotech product use T
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| Account No. — k SEA > Bes EYD: MENOTECA O CORPORATION | Address City State Zip
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Spreadsheet analysis started as an aid to cash-flow analysis, but this powerful tool has now been generalized and Memocalc with it’s special ability to perform interactive calculations is invaluable in the performance of numerical tasks.
MEMOTEXT
The Memotext word processor, on EPROM, brings commercial standards of text editing to your computer. Text is first arranged in 32 character lines for the screen with comprehensive editing facilities. On output the user simply chooses the line length for printing and the system does the rest. Used with our Memopak printer interfaces, it
enables output with 80 character lines, upper and lower case, and single and double size characters.
MEMOPAK ASSEMBLER
The Memopak Assembler, on EPROM, is for those who want to roll up their software sleeves and get down to controlling precisely the power of their computer. It lets you code and edit a source program in the Z80 language, and then assemble it into machine code. You can now write flexible and economical programs, tailor-made in every detail to your own needs, and free from the extravagant use of time and space that goes with the basic high level code.
The editor mode allows you to code directly in the right format, manipulate individual lines and control the exact placing of source and machine code. Routines may be merged or listed (even to a commercial printer with our printer interfaces).
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TS-1000 is a registered trademark of Timex Corp.
FROM MEMOTECH ... THE WORLD'S LARGEST SUPPLIER OF ADD-ON PRODUCTS FOR TIMEX COMPUTERS
yl E ise Se eae o a ea IG Pas RAE E | Mail To: Memotech Corporation, 7550 West Yale Ave., Denver, CO 80227 is | Code:SY-11 Price* Qty. Total | NC wade | Memocalc $49.95 5 ial offer to gested ¡ Memotext 49.95 pee Sh y 257% off sug | Memopak Assembler 49.95 | additio [ | Shipping and Handlin 4.95 $ 495 | „ice ON al | Tax (Colorado residents only) oer list p Offer expires TOTAL $ | ducts- ff *All prices quoted in U.S. dollars. Prices and specifications subject to change without notice. | pro 8 3 | O Check [O MasterCard (J Visa | 1st, 19 | Dee: 3 | 1 Account No. Exp. | | Name Phone number } | | 17 Vilos | City State Zip | E A cell pee MR OY A eke OS ge See UR ee AR Rib Ne IA SAA ]
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See a a e e ts E ee ae
on the line printer. However, if no printer is attached, the computer hangs. This is particularly bad because the rubberized keys tend to bounce a bit, and it is easy to type LLIST instead of just plain LIST. If you have a long program in the computer and have to turn it off because it hangs up, as we did four or five times, you are forgiven if you become a bit surly toward the machine. The surest cure is to use Control/4 to list a program. After a while we learned to do this.
Other things that would hang the machine are in the same family, i.e., trying to use a peripheral device that is not attached. In some cases the VZ200 gave an error message, but in others it went into never-never land.
We also had a problem loading the programs from the demo tape. We tried three recorders, including a high quality digital unit, but all the VZ200 would say was “FOUND T: Program Name.” Since we saw the programs load at CES, we assume we got a faulty demo tape.
Peripherals
The interface to a standard cassette recorder operates at a Baud rate of 600 bps. Although this is somewhat slower than other new computers which have rates up to 2400 bps, nevertheless it is twice as fast as machines of just a few years ago. A program that fills the entire 4K of memory loads in about 54 seconds; a 16K program loads in about four minutes. Bear in mind, however, that most 16K programs do not use 16K of code because much of the RAM is taken by dimensioned arrays and the like.
The manufacturer specifications note that a peripheral expansion bus is built- in; however, we are not quite sure what this means. It appears that expansion modules, presumably, to be connected to printers, modems, or other external devices, can be plugged into the back of the computer.
The V-Tech printer is a Seikosha unit which we have previously found to be satisfactory and cost effective. It requires an interface module which plugs into the interface bus. Since the Seikosha printer uses a standard Centronics parallel signal, presumably other printers with similar signal requirements could be used, although they will probably not reproduce the screen graphics correctly.
Documentation
Included with the VZ200 are a 149- page Basic Reference Manual, a 24-page booklet of 21 Basic Application Programs, and an eight-page User Manual describing how to set up the system.
While some of the documentation obviously shows its Chinese (Hong Kong) heritage, the majority is well written, if not awfully well edited. The Basic manual
22
provides a good introduction to the rudi- ments of the language although some of the sample programs leave something to be desired (the one to illustrate arrays is particularly bad). POKE and PEEK are explained in only the most cursory way, and we have no idea what the “New Characters Code” chart on p. 104 is for. Also, sadly lacking is an index which is very useful in a reference manual.
On the other hand, the manual is as good as most and better than many. It is just a shame that documentation is the weak spot of so many otherwise excellent computers.
Summary
All in all, the Video Technology folks in Hong Kong have done an excellent job producing a versatile small computer. We were impressed with the excellent imple- mentation of Microsoft Basic, full on-screen editing, repeat keys, and easy-to-use graphics features. The idiosyncrasies were a bit annoying, but owners will get used to them and probably not notice them after a week or two of use. Bottom line: the VZ200 is a great value for the suggested price of under $100.
Video Technology (U.S.), Inc., 2633 Greenleaf, Elk Grove Village, IL 60007.
Plotting a Projectile
David Grosjean
In this issue we will compare pro- gramming the VZ200, the color and sound computer by Video Techonology, and the TS1000. The project we will undertake is the plotting of a projectile.
Starting with a Clear Screen
Let’s start with a simple clear screen and plot statement.
TS1000:
5 CLS 40 MODE(1):COLOR 4 200 SET(X, Y).
If you look at the VZ200 program, you will notice that the computer has to be put into a special graphics mode with line 40. This means that you cannot have the medium resolution graphics and text on the screen at the same time. This will become a problem when we try to turn this into a game.
The Projectile Equations
The equations for the horizontal and vertical position of a projectile are: X= V*COS(A)*T Y=V*SIN(A)*T-1/2*G*(T*T)
V is the velocity; T is the time; G is the effect of gravity. These equations can be worked into the program like this:
TS1000:
i aft CUT
“TWO WW TT ett seat eget ge geet a A
. + e pas CCI Ea E med de
A Ds AN e E A m + +
pa -+
MOE TO
PEA UGS E o A es A E r IT >] w
PE O E ATT) pe a fa
PL fet fos es
10 A=45
20 V=1000:G=32 30 D=57.3
30 C=VXSIN(A/D) 60 C1=YXCOS(A/D)
80 FOR T=0 TO 45 STEP .S 90 X=C1XT
100 Y=CxXT-16xXTXxT
180 X=X/250
190 Y=Y/250
220 NEXT T
As you will notice, the range on the VZ200 increased due to the higher reso- lution of the graphics, but we did not change the velocity of the projectile. Instead, we changed the number which we divide X and Y by to fit the projectile on the different screen size.
In these programs, D is a factor that converts degrees to radians which are what the computer wants. C and C1 are constants for each firing angle. When you RUN this program on the VZ200, you: will notice that the plot is upside down. This is because the vertical distances are measured from top to bottom instead of bottom to top as on the TS1000. Change line 190 in the VZ200 program to
190 Y=61-Y/250
Setting the Gun Angle Now we can modify the programs to accept a gun angle from | to 90 degrees.
TS1000
408 PRINT ANGLE OF GUT 45 IMPUTA
TA LET Tissecrse
S82 FOR T=8 TO Ti STEP al 220 GOTO 52
VZ200:
10 INPUT "ANGLE OF GUN";A 79 Ti=2*xC/G 80 FOR T=0 TO Ti STEP .S 230 GOTO So
Making a Game
Now that we have a working, however simple, projectile program, let's try to make a game out of it. The following games are our projectile programs tightened up a bit and with the provisions for a target.
Setting up the Target
On the VZ200 the range is 127,000 yards, and on the TS1000 32,000 yards (1000 yards for every horizontal position on the screen). This will throw the equation off a little since the gun cannot shoot the
November/December 1983 © SYNC
- NOW ATS1000/ZX81 PUSH-BUT TON
KEYBOARD FOR UNDER
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A O E j Se AA ie TÍA E
iy
ee
At last there's a really cheap but efficient way of ironing out the 1S1000/ZXg81's only real bug: its keyboard. The Filesixty ae Buttonset offers da S
m A full-travel calculator-type moving keyboard for only $19.50. m Installed in seconds. The peel-off
adhesive backing means you just register into Pee oe oe position and press. [ Cheques/ money orders made payable to Filesixty Ltd. m No MESSY labels, dismantling or Please sendmes oo co (aty)Buttonset(s) ! soldering. | at $19.50 each (inclusive of postage & packaging). | E o groups of colour keys: to pick out $ ag 0..." ti. BORRA i ! | (U.S. DOLLARS ONLY) | shift, numerals and newline. Name m Precision moulded in ABS to match | address el your TSI000/ZX81, with contrasting legends | 2| en O for maximum legibility. | state OoOo N Orders to Filesixty Ltd., P.O. Box 1469, Murray Hill Sta., : = 545 25 2 New York, NY 10156 A HALT 3]
CIRCLE 31 ON READER SERVICE CARD
projectile 127,000 yards. (If this bothers you, think of the yards on the VZ200 as 11-inch feet.)
Although there are 64 pixel positions on the TS1000, the target is a T which takes up two pixels. You can hit the left or the right of the T so the number of effective horizontal positions is reduced to half. Notice that, since the VZ200 cannot have text and graphics on the screen at once, line 100 forms a special target, while on the TS1000, a simple PRINT AT com- mand in line 60 does the same thing.
TS1000:
28 LET (U-1908 468 LET K=INT (S8888+4RND)1 +1288 NO ES Si PRINT “RANGE = 35208098 Ds” 58 PRINT AT S2L,INT the 1009 Të FE PRINT AT 2.8; ‘SNGSLE OF GUN 50 INPUT OA 38 IF Aci 22 THEN GOTO 38 LeU CET Cay iA BaD} Lee Le E, tet So MALS fa 149° (ERT TA Si ‘32 158 FOR T-A PAS Sree O IOD OR wa ee a ‘S88 LA AE ea iSi -588 150 PLOT X,Y 138 NEXT T a VZ200: 20 V=1000
40 E=INT(97000XRND (0) ) +30000
SO PRINT "RANGE = 127000 YDS" 60 PRINT "TARGET AT”;K;” YDS”
70 INPUT "ANGLE OF GUN";A
80 IF A<1 OR A>89 THEN 70
90 MODE (1): COLORA
100 FORL=1 TO 4:FORLi=1 TO 42 SET (INT(K/1000-4)+L1,59+L) 2: NEXT: NEXT 130 C=VASIN(A/57.3)
140 C1=VkCOS(A/57.3)
150 Ti=2xC/32
160 FOR T=0 TO T1 STEP .5
170 X=C1+T/250
180 Y=61-(Tk(C-16XT)/250)
190 SET(X,Y)
210 GOTO 210
Detecting a Hit
We now have a target, but it is of no use unless the computer can detect its destruction. The following lines detect a hit. Notice how the techniques of detecting a hit target differ. The VZ200 must com- pare each position of the target, which is four positions wide, with the last position of the projectile; the TS1000 does the same thing but uses the PRINT AT position used by the target to compare to the last position of the projectile. This is, of course, simpler. Line 300 in the VZ200 version is a special “explosion” accompanied with some sounds. You can experiment at this point to find a better explosion.
LF INT. (x72) sit Kelapa ni y ak S eS | T rA A Y F SE AA coat 83 4? GOTO 52 PRINT AT 21,INT [K 71808 -2 PAUSE 258 GOTO 3a VZ200: 4 e
220 FOR L=1 TO 4:IF INT(K/1000)- L=INT (Xx) THEN 300
24
223 NEXT L
230 GOTO 50
300 FORL=1 TO 30: SET (40+87x*XRND (0 ) 40+22*RND (0) ) : SOUND31, 12: NEXT L 310 PRINT "HIT! HIT! HIT!"
340 GOTO 30
Making the Next Shot
Now we can add the response the com- puter will make to a missed target. The following lines tell how far away your shot was from the target and lets you try again. Line 210 in the VZ200 version is a delay loop so you have time to see the last position of the projectile.
TS1000: Es
= 5 ; pT = — > rr E -i E iv LET R= ENF E- iZan Z SES: }
228 IF Eti®@ THEN PRINT AT 8,8 OUER E ¡HBO Es" =x DS"
230 IF E188 THEN PRINT AT 8.2 UNDER BY “¡ABS E; (DS
248 PAUSE 255
VZ200:
es
210 FOR L=1 TO 3000:NEXT L
230 IF INT(K/1000)>X THEN PRINT "UNDER BY"sK-Xk1i000; "YDS"
240 IF INT(K/1000)<X THEN PRINT "OVER BY"; Xxk1000-K; "YDS"
Providing Your Shots
The computer can now detect hits and misses. This is where the game part comes in. The following lines provide you with 5 individual targets with a maximum of 5 attempts to hit each target. If you fail to hit a target in 5 shots, you lose. S is the number of shots you have taken per target; S1 is your total number of shots; and Z is the total number of targets.
Ds IT
Tie) TIA aa | nat loss E Fr ) | 1 | Ml AY) Le
Y tr A |
LaS PETHE ua pu DA E o E,
Dn A AN A Y) MF Rs E
VZ200:
10 Si=0:Z=0
30 S=0
55 IF S=S THEN 260
110 S=S+1
120 Si=Si+i
260 PRINT "THE ENEMY GOT YOU FIR ST!”
270 GOTO 370
320 Z=Z+1
330 IF Z=5 THEN 350
Evaluation and Restart
Finally, we need an evaluation and a mechanism to restart the game. The follow- ing lines do this.
TS1000:
2358 PRINT AT @8,8:521 ROUNDS Us Eb oa 355 IF S1:18 THEN PRINT SRE
JOB" 250 IF 51:15 THEN PRINT GU DA N DO BESTER SY PRINT “PLAY AGAIN 390 INPUT ZĘ 298 IF Zá5="Y" THEN RUN VZ200:
350 PRINT Si;"ROUNDS USED"
355 IF Si<10 THEN PRINT "GREAT J ont”
360 IF S1>15 THEN PRINT "YOU COU LD HAVE DONE BETTER"
370 INPUT "PLAY AGAIN"; Z$
380 IF Z$="Y" THEN RUN
Improving on the Game
Of course, these artillery-type games are very simple. They provide a basic game which you can elaborate on or experiment with to develop different pos- sibilities. You might want to improve on the graphics or sound on the VZ200 or perhaps make a really BIG explosion. Although the TS1000 has no color or sound, the program can still be greatly improved. You could add hi-res graphics through either a hardware add-on or a software program. You might want to add a sound unit which will give the sound effects or add a routine to provide some sound (e.g., AUDISY).
November/December 1983 © SYNC
New Product Reports...
Integrated Software For The TS2068
A new series of integrated TS2068 soft- ware has been announced by E. Arthur Brown Company. Programs in the series have the ability to read and write data from tape and are pre-configured for upgrade to the TS Microdrive as soon as it’s available. Because they re integrated, these programs can read data tapes from other programs
within the series. This means you only have to enter data once to have it evaluated by several different programs. For example, you can create a spreadsheet and then feed that spreadsheet data to the plotting pro- gram for graphic illustration.
This series has been available for a few months now in a 16-64K TS1000/TS1500 version known as Mega Software. The new TS2068 series is suitably called: Mega
2068 Software.
There are two integration groups in the Mega 2068 Series. The “2068 Master” group consists of a desk top organizer like the Apple® Lisa®, a spreadsheet, a word processor, a data base, a statistical anal- yzer, and a graph plotter. The “2068 Wealth” group is a small business set up. It consists of an invoicing program, accounts receivable, accounts payable, inventory management, and a net earnings program that produces profit/loss statements and balance sheets.
Mega 2068 Software sells for $20-$25 per program and is available from E. Arthur Brown Company, 1702-S2N Oak Knoll Drive, Alexandria, MN 56308. For more information, call or write and ask for a free catalog.
MKIV Keyboard Kit At Low $34.95 Price
The MKIV Keyboard in assembled form was introduced last Spring by E. Arthur Brown Company. It features top quality keyswitches, a space bar, and sublimated legends on the keytops for sharpness and long life. The company says there is no finer keyboard available and that’s why it costs $89.95. Butnow, if you don’t mind putting it together yourself, you can get the MKIV in kit form for $34.95. The kit comes complete with instructions and all parts, except the molded case, to construct a MKIV key- board. The molded case is $14.95 extra. Please add $4.95 for shipping and handling. The MKIV keyboard is compatible with TS1000 and TS1500 computers. Order from E. Arthur Brown Company, 1702- S2N Oak Knoll Drive, Alexandria, MN 56308.
O Sevtrard
The MKIV Keyboard
Gorilla/Memotech Printer Package at $294.95
E. Arthur Brown Company announces a special package price on full size 80 column printers. For $294.95 you get the popular Gorilla Banana dot matrix printer, aMemo- tech Centronics Parallel interface for upper and lower case letters, and a cable to con-
nect everything to your TS1000/TS1500 computer. This system is fully compatible with Memo-Text and Memocalc Wordpro- cessing and Spreadsheet software and is available for immediate delivery. Send $294.95 plus $6.95 for shipping and han- dling to E. Arthur Brown Company, 1702- S2N Oak Knoll Drive, Alexandria, MN 56308.
MMRY-REZ 64 K RAM (former ZX-G) at Low Introductory Price
MMRY-REZ 64K RAM
Just released this Fall is the MMRY- REZ 64K RAM from E. Arthur Brown Company. The new RAM pack is a design enhancement of the former ZX-G unit, so popular a year ago. Basically, it provides a standard 64 K of RAM along with circuitry for high resolution graphics up to 192 x 256 pixels. What’s more, it comes with high
resolution graphics software to boot. Unlike other High Resolution systems, you don’t have to program MMRY-REZ to use it. Tell it to draw a circle and it does so instant- ly. It draws anything instantly. It supports computer animation, too.
The 64K of RAM is built for com- patibility with your system. The 8-16K region is fully switchable, so MMRY-REZ can operate with printers, modems, disks, or EPROM software. Quite asystem, it’s true. And, for a limited time you can get it at a special introductory price. Comparable systems without software cost $250. MMRY-REZ 64’s regular price is $189.95. But the special price is $149.95 plus $5.95 for shipping and handling. Order from E. Arthur Brown Company, 1702-S2N Oak Knoll Drive, Alexandria, MN 56308. The MMRY-REZ 64K RAM is designed for use with the TS1000 and ZX81 computers. Call or write to find out about TS1500 compatibility.
1702-S2N Oak Knoll Drive, Alexandria, MN 56308
612/762-8847, 612/762-1631
CIRCLE 3 ON READER SERVICE CARD
E. Arthur Brown Co. New Catalog z)
Over 130 exciting new TS1000, 1500, 2068 pro- ducts: Memory expansion, keyboards, mass storage, printers, etc. Software in- cludes personal, business’, technical applications and arcade games. Order your free catalog today!
Order Blank
Assembled MKIV Keyboard
ERR 8
-—- MKIV Keyboard Kit 34951 4.95 RE i l
dad 4
AZAR
e, Ey
pe]
MMRY-REZ 64K RAM
Gorilla/Memotech Printer
3 4.95 Molded Keyboard Housing MEE EVA 149.95 5
Shipping not to exceed $6.95 in the U.S:A. MN residents add 6% Sales Tax. Foreign customers call or write for shipping charges.
Payment Method
OCheck (Money Order Visa Mastercard Card # Exp. Name Address City State Zip Send Your Order To: E. Arthur Brown Company
1702-S2N Oak Knoll Drive Alexandria, MN 56308 612/762-8847, 612/762-1631
DEFMAG Ron LeMon
DEFMAG—Digitally Encoded FM Audio Generator—is a 29 byte machine code routine that allows you to store au- dio frequency data and to synthesize the facsimile sound at will. You may use complex mathmatical formulas to pro- vide digitally sampled values from any continuous number field. These values are correlated to the audio spectrum so you can “hear” the resultant waveform. One version of the DEFMAG driver uses a single byte of the data storage area to hold the value from an individual key pressed. It turns the keyboard into a crude electronic organ.
The synthesized sound can be played through the TV audio system simply by turning up the TV volume control and adjusting the fine tuning for optimum sound. Better fidelity can usually be ob- tained from the mic output from the computer. Make the mic-to-mic connec- tion between your ZX/TS computer and your recorder in the usual way. The sound generated by DEFMAG may be recorded onto tape, monitored by an earphone plugged into the cassette ear jack or amplified though some other high impedance input.
DEFMAG Programming Instructions
The frequency data storage area of this routine must be able to contain zero or any positive integer up to 255 that can be POKEd in. Since certain values such as 118, 126, and 127 cause problems in LISTing, DEFMAG cannot be stored in an ordinary REM statement. Instead we will load the DEFMAG machine code and set up the frequency data storage area in an unlisted REM statement lo- cated between the listed program and the display file. This requires unique USR calls referenced to the display file (the variable F).
Ron LeMon, 1601 West 400 South, #86, Salt Lake City, UT 84014. DEFMAG and AUDISY are avail- able on one tape from the author for $14.95 pp.
26
tt
m DUAL Bc PACE be
WE AE e AE a) a
The programming steps are as follows:
1) Create a REM sttement to hold 256 data bytes and 29 machine code bytes. Type in the REM filler program in List- ing 1. To use the REM filler, in FAST mode, EDIT line 50 and key in a series of Xs as efficiently as you can. When you think you have depressed the X key a total of 280 times, press RUN and EN- TER. The screen prompt will tell you how many Xs to add or delete to be cor- rect. When the REM statement needs 0
. REM filler program.
Listing
TINA w
"Oe Fco
m
mi Lal fe Pt Pr hs nap:
ya a a
coo CN
ee (7). 1
‘ve AT Mi
=
rh
Se rm
TE Fe
(T
E hs rm er fs
OO com P i RY es AA Y -| ii |
3
cu Eh
$ RA l- ri Y | tl s Ii AIR AA O | 1b r ti Chi wt. AS E mn
$ 15 Ti Y ba
-A
Listing 3. —— MC loader program before loading MC.
ET F=PEEK 15326+2535 4PEEK 1
m
eT e T E
R o
h, 3
IH ABS: y T=: R TESI
= 13 H E HELT HS +
A IICA
“rn
+
HE =
Figure 1. Machine code table.
1 N tty
ho Tha ry
fe pi Ma Msz
FCT i | l j Ji a)
pee P TE Ea
N r Pa pi a d
Ca Pa pa c
ETET -+
characters, the command in line 30 will automatically isolate this area from the rest of the LISTed program, and the REM line will not be displayed on the screen. The screen should now look like Listing 2.
2) Delete the remaining lines of the REM filler by entering each line number and ENTER. Be sure not to use NEW
or you will wipe out the storage area.
3) Type in Listing 3, the machine code loader program.
4) Hit RUN and ENTER. In response to the L cursor enter the first number in the machine code table in Figure 1 and press ENTER. Continue entering the numbers (left to right) pressing ENTER after each. When all are entered, delete the lines of the loader program by typing each line number and hitting ENTER. Do not use NEW or you will erase the code. It is a good idea to SAVE the pro- gram at this point.
5) Type in the Driver program of your choice (A, B, C, D).
You are now ready to try the program.
DEFMAG Operating Theory
Since DEFMAG resides immediately below the display file, its address moves around as changes are made in the pro- gram listing. The only way to track DEFMAG USR addresses is by their relationship to the display file (-F). If any address is incorrect by just one byte the entire system can go haywire. The value of F must be updated as program changes are made.
A call to USR (F-29) loads the HL register pair with the address of the first byte of frequency data (F-285). The con- tents of that byte are tested to see if it contains the “stop code” 255. If the stop code at (F-30) or code 255 located any- where else in the data field is en- countered, the MC routine returns to Basic.
If the stop code is not encountered then register B is loaded with “duration” data that has been POKEd in. Register B is actually used to count down the number of cycles of the given frequency.
Next the output is turned on and a de- lay is begun that determines the period of the high logic half cycle as specified by the frequency data byte. When the delay is complete the output is turned off
November/ December 1983 © SYNC
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A A CCE CL EL E A A ER 11.4 114 41. 114 14,
bai EZ. 3 i gL) WS gaga RE CES DO A E R ES: i BES ER
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EE Ve e ee Pa, | es HOLS OO Co CL AAA ATA A Ud 00.4 01. Ut uu uI Ut
SO nt
= mm, fet .. sete e oe qe. qe. gee - q. a qee e Y qan w x. a" % Bs) L mE ii K] wr 0 thine Li freee e n es sare Reseed is hn set CA. n A bel ste Mae Bare Em de E hits RTA) Rese KN ses : sois sat ey FEN. T ; e e HPG a! a ini is iin iii: dis AR EEE iun BRRR jii EO siete Ba st ds pee tis CERES dci RRAK ARERR RRR in sists PHT ss IRR ORD ES
Se TED SA gre kang EN oe ia a aa ecco a TR A NIN ISA OS A O eS AN ie PANS GH EL a SEAR phe ee LO
Figure 2. DEFMAG disassembly.
The value of F “16 DEC -E
-30 STOP CODE, 255 -15 JR NZ,-16
229 LD HL, address of first storage byte -13 IN A, 254 turn off output.
=26 LD A, (HL) ¡test for ~il INGE
A AS stop code. TO LD AE
wes RET £ -9 CPA CHL)
-22 LD E, duration -8 JR NZ, 11
-20 QUT 255,A ¡turn on output. “6 :DIJNZ, -20 ¿jump to begin next cycle.
>18 LD E, (HL) -4 INC HL ¿move counter to next data byte.
-17 INC E —3. JR —-26 ¡start over with new data byte. A A A A A A A A
Figure 3. Test formulas. for a delay time also determined by the Figure 5.
> a PAESE PEDS +I,ABS INT (254-9 data byte. This series of on-off pulses re- — Tester program and composite waveform. __
cycles until register B counts down to 18 FAST ee 28 FOR I=0 TO 254 STEP 3 59 POKE F-285+1,A8S INT (285-3 Zero. Then HL is incremented to the 30 LET A=127-INT (127*+SIN (1/4 4450R (1411) next data byte and the process repeats. a. inte ns ees : A = : ¿E 0477) imei Dt ions = : There is an anomaly in this type of : se LET ASIESZINT (12740053 ited SU FORE F-23541, IH ¡LH 114+1i% i 1 i n 0.1353) des = synthesis. Since each tone that is gen 50 PLOT L41 INT (AAI erated has the same number of cycles, 70 NEXT I
285+I, INT ABS í11-12 higher frequencies will have a tone of shorter duration since the period is shorter at those frequencies. Some im-
IN TIS tess) rs INT ABS (25525 portant addresses to know are: First frequency data byte: (F-285) 50 POKE F-28541,127-INT (12745 Stop code: (F-30) IN 11/00.31)) USR address: (F-29) bee pit ee bk en ea Location of first byte (Isb): (F-28) dota i OTE ego Locaton of first byte (msb): (F-27) Duration: (F-21) 6@ POKE F-235+1,AB83 (81-INT (1 In normal operation the address of @4SIN (Iv4@.i55) 1)
Ei the first frequency data byte is POKEd into (F-28) and (F-27) and a duration
6@ POKE F-285+1,AB5 161-INT (1 . 3040053 (lv4a.issiii value—usually a small number—is POKEd into (F-21). You can imagine Nee GORE F-295+1,127-INT (127+5 the monotonous sound a string of X’s AD . : = tig (data 61) would make if synthesized so Figure 6. _ Sd. POKE Ronse eo INTO (IS the rest of this article is devoted to filling Combining formulas into Driver A. t= — TS : Eid, F Los . . O05 (a (141113 19 FAST OS (11411014110 the frequency data field with meaningful A E RN numbers. 6397 50 FOKE F-235+1,127-INT (128745 30 POKE F-27, INT. ((F-2851/2561 IN 112x142) ; z : _40 POKE F-28, (F-2853 -(Ih ULA As DEFMAG Operating Instructions A ARO : Su OR 1-9 TŪ 2 > : 50 POKE F-285+1,127-INT (1274C Whether you use driver A, B, or C, 52 POKE F-255+1,127-INT (12745 OS (2%1+2)) | the data encoding procedure is the same. AM ee A ou a Line 60 of each program applies a for- #005 11:40,155)5 IN rege e F-285+1,127-INT (12725 mula to the values of I from 0 to 254 to on po aes 0: "ENTER DURATI A yield a set of numbers ranging in value OM ny) race E . = pa = 50 POKE F-285+1,127-1NT ¿12730 (but not in sequence) from O to 254. 109 POKE F-21,2 25 11411) Aa: Pai dated o E 110 RAND USR (F-29) OS t1+11) Some test formulas are shown in Figure 130 goto 118 3 that can be substituted for line 60 in Figure 4. driver program A, B or C. igure 7 Tester Program and plotted waveform. — pre Fig 3 y TEE If you like to work with math, Figures Tester program to display entire data 19 FAST 20 FOR Tea Te osc Sree a 4 and 5 will enable you to test any for- ————————field of any formula. t 3 LET A=127-INT (127+5IN (Iv4 mula before applying it. In Figure 4 the R S a i, 19 si 3 . . . . o o { 253, ii 48 PLOT I/4,INT (A/6) formula goes in line 30 and is assigned to So FOR roan TO 254. 3 $ 20 NEXT I the variable A instead of using the a ear A a POKE command from driver line 60. 50 LET ASII+11=5TRS A The plotted waveform is shown. ee +2); @ NEXT I
Figure 7a. Data field display for Figure 7.
iz? 24 121 is 115 112 189 185 133 137 148 143 146 149 152 155 102 99 95:93 98 -87- 84 81 iS? 161. 1584 18%-179'173 1765. 129 foo AO ee. eet Ore n. Bs BS 132 185 185 131 193 los 199 281 DO. Sa" Sas Ae. 46° 44 442 72939 284 285 203 211 213 216 213 228 37 34 32 38 28 26 24 23 zz 224 226 225 230 232 204 235 O 5 O E Sse DER 23? 233 248 242 243 244 245 247 3 5 ? 5 3 4 i 3 245 249 258 258 251 252 252 253 = 2 Z i i i 1 i 253 254 254 254 254 254 254 254 i i T i i 2 = 3 254 254 254 253 253 252 251 251 a 4 5 5 Pi 3 3 ia #258 2439 245 247 246 245 244 242 da ESA E AR AT ae 241 23929 258 235 235 233 231 229 CI a 526 OS Sa. | 4 6 Sa ces, 225 2253 221 219 217 214 212 Bl 43° 46.243 >51° 33 56. S86 218 267 205 202 200 197 194 192 piloot GR. Bere fen. Tele OL 199 136 183.781 179 175 272 362 54 87 $8 83 96 39 i182 185 165 153 168 157 154 158 147 144 T95 111 li4 115 121 124 127 158 141 136 135 132 128 125 122
28 November/December 1983 © SYNC
Smarr 1000
e Powerful - fully programmable 2K memory + Portable - 6%,” x 6%” x 1%” - 12 oz. e Expandable - Optional 16K RAM module +*Single-key entry commands e Educational + Unique syntax-check report codes for error identity ° Accurate to 9/2 decimal places for full range math and scientific functions ° Graph drawing and animated display + Advanced 4-chip design combining power, portability and affordable price. TS1000 INCLUDES: Computer, power adapter, leads/plugs for connection to TV & cassette recorder, TV/computer switch, full instructions, and computing
course manual.
TS1000 ..............$54.95
ACCESSORIES FOR HIBA =incisi—]1000 and ZX81
TS1016 - Expands TS1000 from 2K to 16K of memory. (5 o0z.) . $49.95 | TS2040 - 32 Column thermal printer for TS1000 and ZX81 .... $99.95
Keyboard Mask for Your ZX81/1000* Computer
FEATURES:
e Install in seconds. Remove adhesive backing from mask and place over keyboard.
e All characters and symbols Oda 3 reproduced on mask. as)
Or e Durable — formed with poly- carbonite sheet-satin finish.
JE681 KEYBOARD MASK
ZX81/1000* Keyboard Conversion Kit
JE682-AK KEYBOARD KIT MOUNTED IN DTE- AK ENCLOSURE. LIGHT TAN PANELS WITH MOLDED DARK BROWN END PIECES. SIZE: 14% "W x 3⁄2 "D x 3%"H
The JE682 Kit provides users of the ZX81/1000 series computers a full-size in- dustrial keyboard hook-up to their computer. The JE682 Kit allows the use of either the full-size keyboard or the Sinclair/Timex Keyboard. The Kit also per- mits the simple disconnection of the Sinclair/Timex Keyboard for portable use. The JE682 Kit consists of a full-size industrial grade keyboard with 62 keys, 2 p.c. boards, 18” ribbon cable, DIP socket and 4 rubber feet. The keyboard conversion kit can easily be mounted into the DTE-AK enclosure.
The JE681 Keyboard Mask provides users of the ZX81/1000 series computer the individual feel of each keypad on the keyboard. The mask has a rais- ed outline around each keypad allowing the user to feel and correctly position their fingers onto the
keyboard. JE681 KEYBOARD MASK
. . . . $9.95 each
This enclosure is large enough to contain the ZX81/1000 computer and the
(WITHOUT DTE-AK CASE)
*ZX81/1000 is a trademark of Sinclair/Timex
full-size keyboard together. A handy label representing the keyboard layout is placed on the enclosure.
DTE-AK CASE ONLY.......
ZX81/1000
JE682-AK Keyboard Conversion Kit ...... $99.95 ea. (WITH DTE-AK CASE - AS PICTURED) JE682 Keyboard Conversion Kit ......... $59.95 ea.
$49.95 each
so 61334 sSimciair SOFTWARE) EEEE E
THE ORGANIZER
An information storage program. Store the names, addresses, phone numbers, birthday and anniversary dates of your friends and business acquaintances.
Part No.032000 ............. $16.95
THE HOME ASSET MANAGER
A home inventory program that can be very valuable in case of. fire or theft. Records date of purchase, place of purchase, description, price, serial number and model number.
Part No.032009 ............. $12.95
VU-CALC
This program constructs, generates, and calculates large tables for financial analysis, budget sheets, and projections. An immensely powerful analysis chart.
Part No.031000 ............. $19.95
CHECKBOOK MANAGER
A personal or business checking account program to store and sort banking transactions. On 90-minute tape, up to 3,600 tran- sactions can be stored.
Part No. 032003........... $15.95
ALL TIMEX SINCLAIR SOFTWARE AND TIMEWORKS SOFTWARE REQUIRE 16K OF MEMORY
TIMEWORKS SOFTWARE WALL STREET
A game of competitive financial speculation. Limited dollars to invest which will put you on Easy Street or into the Poor House. A financial advisor is available to assist you, but he is not always right. 1 to 4 players.
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It is also possible to plot multiple waveforms using this technique. Figure 5 demonstrates the procedure with the composite waveform. Figure 6 shows how the same formulas are integrated into driver program A.
Figure 7 displays the entire data field generated by any formula. This allows scaling the formula so that it provides positive integers within the proper range. Given I, the set of integers from 0 to 254, and the formula in line 40, the numbers shown in Figure 7 would re-
For th
95
sult. The number of lines is too great to fit on the screen at one time so you will have to use CONT to view the second part of the data field.
Driver Programs
Let us now discuss the specific opera- tion and differences in the driver pro- grams. Enter RUN to operate any of the four drivers. After a brief programming cycle where waveform data is POKEd into the storage area in A and C, the screen prompt asks, “Enter Duration”.
o Blank Cartridge!
{J ACTION-PAK Two outstanding arcade games in “fast” machine code. “Time Blasters” and
“Mazeball.” Spectacular! 16K required.
asking innocent questions. . .Intimate! 16K required.
creativity! 16K required.
DO PARTY-PAK Loves a crowd! “Wordmaster” has a baffling vocabulary “Insight” reveals secrets by
LD) MUSE-PAK “Haiku” actually composes poetry! Charming and unique - give your Sinclair the gift of
E) SCI-PAK A full range of math functions. Graphing, curve fitting, simultaneous equations. polar
coordinates, much more. . .Very scientific! 16K required.
I BLACK-JACK-PAK Break the bank! Deal four players: split, double down, insurance, 5 card Charlie
and more. . Practice for Vegas! 16K required.
TI] MINI—PAK For the 2K TS/1000 “Ski-Bum” and “Galaxon”. . Arcade games to go! Written in speedy
machine code.
pig ee
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O ACTION-PAK O PARTY-PAK O FINANCIAL-PAK O MUSE-PAK O SCI-PAK O BLACK-JACK-PAK (O MINI-PAK €a. .............. ccc cece cece ececeeceeceees $14.95
Send me a blank cartridge to hold my Roms ea. .......... Piggyback-expansion connector add Postage and handling add
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After entering a value, the sound will be generated (with driver B it is automatic). Driver A operates continuously much like a siren until the loop is exited by pressing BREAK. Driver B operates continuously but with a pseudo-random duration. Driver C plays the tone se- quence each time any key except BREAK is pressed.
Driver D operates quite differently from the others. This program responds to any key pressed (except. BREAK, SHIFT, [period], and ENTER) by giv- ing a tone. The notes ascend in pitch from -0,1;2,3°.°.':7,8,9;AjB.6 .. X, Y,Z although they are not very evenly tempered. You may experiment with line 90 to improve the pitch. For a repeating trigger, delete lines 110 and 120 and change line 130 to read GOTO
50. =” Driver A.
iu FAST
su LET SPEER 163365+2564PEEK i Bia?
32 PORE F-27,INT ({ (F-28385: -256)
dy PORE F-28, (F-28853 -tINT 111F -235) -2561)1%2585
50 FOR I-4 TO 254
54 POKE F-235+1,1
28 INPUT Z 109 FOKE F-2 1i@ RAND USA 124 GOTO 118
Driver B.
-4
mn
m TI
F=PEEK
F-27,INT 1(F-285) -28. (F-285) - (INT
i6S36+2564PEEK i
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ba y T Tı = ar On be
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124 0To 82
Driver C.
12 FAST 2@ LET F=PEEK
30 POKE F-2?,INT 40 FOKE F-25, iF-; 1 £2561) 42586: FOR I=8@ TO 254
FOKE F-235+1,1
HEXT I
PRINT AT 21,8; “ENTER DURATI
30 INPUT Z 1040 POKE F-21,Z 110 LET 2$=INKEYs
SOS 6
120 IF Z$=""" THEN GoTo 118 1504 RAND USR (F-291 142 GOTO 118 Driver D. 12 FAST LESSE+S5E6SFEER 1
Y LET F=PEER
{(F-31) 256)
spe get ob Oe Ba
68 IF Z$="" THEN GoTo sa
70 LET A=( (CODE Z$) -273
S@ FOKE F-21,INT (+71
9@ POKE F-31,26@-(INT (INT (42 ¿[INT AS. 16666873333
100 RAND USR iF-29}
110 LET Z$=INKEY$
120 IF Z5:<>"" THEN GOTO 110
i3@ coTa su
November/December 1983 0 SYNC
VOICE SYNTHESIZER
eNow you can purchase the Zebra-Talker unlimited
vocabulary voice synthesizer for only *59.95. eThe Zebra-Talker is TS1000 and ZX-81 compatible. eThe Zebra-Talker voice software (requires 16K) will help you create whatever you want to Say. eThe Zebra-Talker uses the famous VOTRAX SC01 phoneme synthesizer with programable pitch levels. lt produces all the phonemes required for English and Spanish speech. eThe Zebra-Talker is very memory efficient: one single line in BASIC will produce a full sentence. elt is so simple to use you can add voice to any pro- Zebra-Talker gram in just minutes. FOR THE TS1000 & ZX-81 eThere are hundreds of applications in education, ORDER C141 $59.95 robotics, speech therapy, monitoring, games, aids for the handicapped, security, prompting, and more. eExpansion connector for “Piggy Back” expandability. eYou can plug the Zebra-Talker's output into any audio system, or order our #0145 Amplifier/Speaker module with volume control for just $12.50. elncludes assembled & tested Zebra-Talker, instruc- tion manual, and software on cassette. e15-Day Money Back Guarantee
SPEAKER / AMPLIFIER ORDER C145... . $12.50
THE ZEBRA KEYBOARD
Now Timex Sinclair users can enjoy many of the benefits IBM and all the biggies are getting with Green Phosphour monitors ... and at a fraction of the cost.
e The Green Screen is a specially molded plastic optical filter which relieves eye strain by enhancing character contrast and by elim-
inating the components of white light which cause eye fatigue.
e The Green Screen fits right onto the picture tube like a skin because it is molded to match the curvature of your TV. We also in- clude some invisible reusable tape for secure fastening.
e The filter material that we use is just right, not too dark nor too light. The result is a really eye pleasing display.
e The Green Screen will fit any 12” TV or monitor and can easily be trimmed with a pair of scissors to fit any smaller size.
Order C140 $12.95
Experience for yourself how much the Key- board Beeper improves the use of your TIMEX keyboard. Simply plug it into your computer’s expansion connector and hear a beep whenever a character is accepted by the computer’s keyboard input routine. No software is required. Features expansion connector for RAM etc.
BONUS 1 - You can trigger the beep from Basic. Great for program prompts, timers, BONUS 2 - A beep every 9 minutes will remind you that your computer is on.
ORDER #C133. ... $19.95
—Superior Quality: Same key mechanism as used by IBM, Texas Instruments, Hewlet Packard, and others. Full travel, gold inlaid contacts for over 10 million operations.
2—Professional Full Size Layout: 40 keys corres- ponding one to one with your computer's, plus space bar in case you do word processing.
3—Looks Good & Feels Good: Attractive custom molded enclosure matches your system. Sharp TS1000 legends in two colors are easy to read and will never wear off.
4—Easy Installation: No soldering or technical knowledge required. Done in minutes with simple instructions.
ORDER C142 NEW LOW PRICE $69.95
SUGGESTED RETAIL
the Timex Sinclair Printer for your Timex Sinclair 1000 or Sinclair ZX81 prints 32 colums wide, two lines per second, with full graphics and text capability. The TS2040 prints silently in two modes: 1) full-screen printing with single-key copy command, and 2) program- controlled printing allowing for custom control of the printing format. The TS2040 connects easily to your computer, has simple ON/OFF controls, comes with one roll of paper, easy to understand instructions and a 90-day
limited warranty. Order Zebra Cat. #C144 $84.95
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Timex Sinclair 2040 Printer
~ THERMAL PAPER FOR THE TS2040 Printer Paper SIX ROLL PACK #C143 $11.90
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Wind Chimes
and the ZX/TS Computer Carter Scholz
Recently I wanted to build a set of tuned wind chimes. I knew that the calculations involved could become te- dious, so I wrote a short program to do them. This program saved me a good deal of time and trial-and-error labor, and it prevented waste of material.
My problem was this: I knew what pitches I wanted, and from those I had to calculate the proper length of each chime. I used cylindrical tubing for lightness, but many other materials would do as well.
A Little Physics
The wave equations for vibrating ob- jects were first put forth by Lord Ray- leigh in the nineteenth century, and they are quite complex. Lejaren Hiller, a composer and computer scientist, has programmed them on a large mainframe machine to simulate the sound of “fan- ciful” or “imaginary” instruments, such as a rubber violin or a piano with glass strings. The ZX81 is not nearly fast enough to do this (no, not even in ma- chine code), but by limiting our options we can simplify Rayleigh’s equations and use them to provide parameters for building real instruments.
The behavior of a vibrating object is described mainly by its “boundary con- ditions.” For chimes, we will restrict ourselves to the simple case of free-at- both-ends.
Now, how does the length of the chime relate to its pitch? The simplified expression, in Basic notation, is:
P 1.133*PI/L**2*SQR(Q*K**2/D) where F is the frequency in Hertz, L is the length in centimeters, D is the den- sity of the material, Q is Young’s modu-
Carter Scholz, 2110 Acton #2, Berkeley, CA 94702
32
Save time, trial-and-error labor, and materials by calculating the proper
length of each chime.
lus for the material, and K is the radius of gyration.
Don’t panic. Q and D are easily found (see Table 1), and there is a simple ex- pression for K, which depends on the Shape of the vibrating object. For a cir- cular cross-section, e.g., a rod,
K = OR/2 where OR is the radius. For a rectan- gular cross-section, e.g., a bar, K = OR/SQR 12 where OR is the thickness in the direc- tion of vibration. For a cylinder, like our wind chimes,
K = SQR(OR**2 + IR**2)/2 where OR is the outer radius and IR is the inner radius of the cylinder.
Solving for L:
L = 1.133*PI*K*SQR(Q/D)
The Program The complete program is in Listing 1. The quantity SQR(Q/D) is given a simpler name: S(M). It is dimensioned
and assigned in lines 10-30. These lines, and the print lines 50-60, may be ex- panded to include whatever materials you wish (an assortment is given in Ta- ble 1). The display format leaves room for up to eight separate material lines.
After the inputs, the radius of gyra- tion K is calculated for the given shape, and the required length L is calculated and printed. A conversion from centi- meters to inches is made (this may be eliminated by deleting all occurrences of the number 2.54 in the program). After the length, the appropriate drill point is printed, and, for tubes, the air res- onance. (I will discuss these two factors under “Practical Matters,” below.)
Then the program leaps back to line 270 and awaits the next frequency input. It does this so that you do not have to reenter the material and dimensions for every pitch. To exit the program, input STOP; to change materials or dimen- sions, simply RUN again.
Table 1.
Material Q (Young’s modulus) D (Density) S(M) = (Q/D) Aluminum 6.9E11 Pad 5.06E5 Brass 9E11 8.4 3.270) Copper 9.7E11 8.9 3.3E5 Glass 6E11 25 4.9E5 Lead 1.7E11 11.3 1.2E5 Oak * 4 JES* Redwood E st ZE) Silver 8E11 10.5 2.8E5 Steel 2E12 7.8 5.06E5
*These values were determined empirically.
A A a e E a ee T a November/December 1983 9 SYNC
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You will see that the quantities as- signed to S(M) in the program vary somewhat from the values in Table 1. This is to save space, and because the values for real materials will always dif- fer from the ideal. However, no variation here will affect the relative tunings of chimes all cut from the same stock, and this is the important thing.
A Little Music Theory
What frequencies to choose? Most commercial wind chimes are cut at ran- dom, hence they give random pitches. But you do not need a program to do that. So here is some short, painless mu- sic theory to help you choose your pitches.
Ptolemy observed that when two pitches sound at once, they are pleasing in proportion to their frequency ratios. A unison (ratio of 1/1) is the most pleas- ing, or consonant, interval. An octave (ratio 2/1) is also quite consonant. A perfect fifth (3/2), a perfect fourth (4/3), and a major third (5/4), are all revered as “pleasing” intervals. They sound “in tune” with one another. And most small-number ratios have this property. So as long as you select small-number ratios (e.g., 5/3, 6/5, 7/4, 9/8), your chimes will sound “tuned.”
First, pick a base frequency as your
1/1—say, between 400 and 800 Hertz —and then pick some simple ratios above it. I built a set of six chimes, using a common denominator: 6/6, 7/6, 8/6, 9/6, 10/6, 12/6. You will see that 12/6 = 2/1, an octave; the use of the octave is especially pleasing.
A “pentatonic scale” is also lovely: 1/1, 9/8, 5/4, 3/2, 5/3, 2/1. But, by all means, experiment!
patible with my computer!”
Frequencies for the piano octave above middle C are given in Table 2; for other octaves, divide or multiply these frequencies by powers of two. The third column of Table 2 gives the approximate
Table 2.
C 262- (BJ) unison
C# 277 (16/15) minor 2nd D 294 (9/8) major 2nd D# 311 (6/5) minor 3rd E 330 (5/4) major 3rd F 349 (4/3) perfect 4th FF 370 (10/7) tritone
G S92 (3/2) perfect Sth GH 415 (8/5) minor 6th A 440 (5/3) major 6th AF 466 (7/4) minor 7th B 494 (15/8) major 7th C ed AN) octave
small-number ratios for intervals above middle C; they are not exact because contemporary tunings are not mathe- matically rational. The last column gives interval names.
Practical Matters
All the chimes should probably be be- tween about eight and about twenty inches in length. I used 1” aluminum tubing with a wall thickness of .055”. If the tubes are too long or too short, the
FOR TOTAL CONTROL
of Your Timex Sinclair
Learning
The Only Programming Manual You’ll Need
Learning Timex Sinclair BASIC, Dr. David Lien’s new, 350-page, comprehensive manual for the Timex Sinclair 1000 and Sinclair ZX80/ZX81, is the one book that answers all your programming questions.
Learning Timex Sinclair BASIC’s simple, step-by-step instructions make it ideal for the classroom. And it’s a must for all Timex Sinclair owners, especially first-time computer users. Don’t miss this opportunity to learn from a proven teacher of BASIC how to write your own custom software.
Don't waste time with other confusing, incomplete programming guides — order Learning Timex Sinclair BASIC now. Fill out the coupon or call our 24-hour order line at 800-854-6505, in California call 619-588-0996 (8:00 a.m. - 5:00 p.m).
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If you're not totally satisfied with this book for any reason, return it to Compusoft in salable condition within 30 days for a full refund.
for the Timex Sinclair 1000 Sinclair ZX80/ZX81
34
by David A. Lien =—3
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Total Enclosed Name Address
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——— Copies of Learning Timex Sinclair BASIC at $14.95 each (Calif. residents add 6%) plus $1.65 shipping and handling per book within the U.S. Foreign orders, include $2.50 surface shipping and handling per book.
A A E ee eA Sy Ped IR E E Oe City/State/Zip — —_ _—zQ—_ acre nl A eet Wied
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b an an am an an an a an a aa a d
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ZXx8e1
3-Color Keyboard Symbols with
Conversion
Instructions
TS1000
e Plastic symbols for converted TS1000/ZX8 1 keyboards; color-coded on opaque background. Fit all standard- size keys. Adhesive backing for easy application.
e Easy, illustrated guide for converting a cheap (about $20) surplus keyboard to a full-size TS1000/ZX81 console. "...aseasyas stringing wire on a fence."
e Do's and Don'ts for selecting a surplus keyboard.
eo Diagrams and instructions for adding single-stroke (automatic) SHIFTED function keys to your keyboard.
Bonus forthe "pro" - Schematic Diagram of Computer.
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| CIRCLE 45 ON READER SERVICE CARD
SCISOFT
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IMPORTANT NOTICE
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CIRCLE 28 ON READER SERVICE CARD
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AAA
SINWARE provides a small list of quali- ty programming aids for the TS1000 and TS1500. (16 K RAM required.) We pay at- tention to your needs and answer your questions.
HOT Z
HOT Z gives you a friendly environment in which to learn and write machine code. HOT Z disassembles, debugs, labels, relocates and prints your pro- grams. Extensive cursor-driven editing functions let you make changes fast. Single-steps Z80 code, provides beautiful assembly listings, copies any program, and runs your TS printer or Memotech I/F. Massive documentation. Turn your ZX/TS into a Z80 hot rod with HOT Z.
STEP
STEP is the ultimate debugging tool for the novice or expert BASIC program- mer. STEP provides line-at-a-time exe- cution of your BASIC programs and shows you the display and variable values to pinpoint programming errors. Set line breakpoints, loop breakpoints, or conditions! breaks for fast testing of long routines. Detailed documentation. Don’t miss this program!
Z-FOULS
Program in BASIC the professional way with these programming aids. Z-TOOLS lets you merge programs from a tape library, renumber lines (including GOTOs and GOSUBs) for neat listings, copy and delete program blocks for quick restructuring, or verify tape con- tents against memory to eliminate pro- gram losses. Supplied in two versions on one cassette for compatibility with any system.
Z EXTRA
Z EXTRA is a display manager and data filer with a fantastic screen editor that lets you enter text or pictures directly to the screen and save them in groups in memory, on tape or in print. Lets you display screens sequentially, in scrolls or animation, or use them in your BASIC programs. Give your computer a completely new personality with Z EXTRA.
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CIRCLE 49 ON READER SERVICE CARD 36
You can use the same equations for a marimaphone, xylophone, or vibraphone,
using bars or tubes.
sound of inharmonic overtones from the metal begins to spoil the pure tuned sound. And each chime must be hung from a point 22.42% down its length, so to reduce those inharmonic overtones. Just cut one tube and try striking it while holding it at various points, and you will hear what I mean.
The “air resonance” is less important, but it will to some extent emphasize or dampen the frequency you want, so it is given in program lines 350-360. If the air resonance has an integral multiple within about 10% of the desired fre- quency, the tone will be somewhat en- hanced. The ease of calculating with the program enables you to try many vari- ations of dimension effortlessly.
After the tubes are cut, you can sharpen (increase) their pitch by filing one end. Aluminum will take a gorgeous shine if you buff it with fine steel wool around the tube (not up and down). The framework and striker are up to you; but keep the tubes far enough apart so they do not clang against each other in a strong wind.
Further...
The same equations can be used to de- sign a marimaphone, xylophone, or vibraphone, using bars or tubes. Again, mount the bars or tubes at holes drilled 22.42% from each end. Some of these instruments use resonators mounted be- neath the sounding element to amplify the sound. (2” ABS pipe is a good cheap material for the resonators.) The length, in inches, of an appropriate resonator is:
L = 3390/F — .29*D where F is the desired frequency in Hertz, and D is the inner diameter of the resonator in inches.
terested in instrument design, there are many, many refinements. I suggest Banek and Scoville’s Sound Designs (Ten Speed Press) as a primer, and Harry Partch’s Genesis of a Music (Da Capo Press) as a graduate course in the design and construction of instruments. Have fun!
List of Variables:
N: Number of materials; if you expand the list, change this variable accordingly.
M: Index of material in array S(M).
D: Diameter of rod or cylinder, or thickness of bar, in inches.
T: Thickness of cylinder, in inches.
K: Radius of gyration.
F: Frequency, in Hertz.
L: Length, in inches.
S(M): Array containing values for vari-
ous materials.
Line Notes:
10-70: Sets up material constants (see Table 1). Up to eight separate material lines may be accommodated by the screen format.
80: Graphics >
140: Graphics > a”
ets eS
> > ‘ However, if you get seriously in- Listing 1. =< LET N=d sc IF S=1 THEN GoTo 278 18 DIM Sis: 2180 LET E=D:>20R 1242.54 20 LET 3111=35ES ze IF Sse THEN GOTO 2748 JO LEIOA eS 230 PRINT “THICKNESS OF CYLINDE de PRINT “"MATERIBAL? MES. cs 50 PRINT “1. ALUMINUM«STEEL BL 240 INPUT T ASS" 258 PRINT T Sü PRINT “2. BRASS -COPPER 268 LET K=58R (b4041(0-Ti#4ib-T 7@ INPUT # ‘44,54 50 PRINT AT 4,8; “ER: at a 270 PRINT AT 12,0; ‘“FRESUENCY? 30 PRINT “SHAPE? 100 PRINT “1. CIRCULAR (ROC 230 INPUT E 12 PRINT = RECTAHCULAR (BAR: 2390, FRING E ; 208 LET L=sar L.iLBSBePiekheSih 1240 PRINT “3. CYLINGRICAL Fi 42,54 130 INPUT = Sig PRINT id PRINT AT 354N,.8; BAT 29,2; 320 PRINT “LENCSTA="¡L INCHES i50 IF 5:32 THEN PRINT “DIAMETE 230 PRINT “BRILL AT L#.2242:; RPG INCHES UE 160 IF S=<2 THEN PRINT “THICKHES S428 IF 3:23 THEN GoTo 278 = OF BAR? 2358 PRINT “AIR RESONANCE AT MUL iva INPUT OE TLTPLES UP" 138 PRINT OE 2080 PRINT BaS8+'L+4.23453 HZ 19% LET E=-D-r43%2B,.S4 SP GOTO 278
November/December 1983 © SYNC
Software Review
The Fantastic Music Machine and
The Fantastic Music Machine is a unique program that transforms your computer keyboard into a 3-octave musical instrument with reasonably good tonal quality with 16K it can han- dle up to 7000 notes. |
I approached this program with a very skeptical attitude. After all, how fantas- tic a music machine was possible on a $9.95 cassette? To say I was surprised is an understatement. This package really is fantastic!
The manual takes you through the art of composing music, right down to sharps and flats, reading musical manu- scripts, and transferring them to the computer, writing music via score sheets, editing, and a basic understand- ing of musical notation. You do not have to be familiar with musical notation to use this package, but it is certainly help- ful. The average person, supplied only with the excellent instructions, can begin making music in a few minutes.
Once the program is loaded, the key- board is under program control. Each key represents a musical note or a spe- cial function shown on the keyboard overlay. Each of the top three rows starts and ends with a C note but in a different octave.
Another interesting feature of the pro- gram is that, as you press a musical note
Susan E. Harris, S. E. Harris Associates, 310 Lee St., Strasburg, VA 22657.
Light Show Susan E. Harris
key, the screen displays lines similar to the LOA Ding lines. I found this helpful in composing and in editing.
The music is played through a TV re- ceiver or a radio situated nearby. I tried 1t both ways and found the sound through my TV satisfactory. The tonal quality was quite good, and it can be ad- justed higher or lower. It is also possible to change the tempo and cause the pitch
of individual notes to rise or drop. A myriad of strange noises can be created by the special effects function.
When you have completed writing or transferring a piece of music, you can record and play back the results.
This package is a more complex and much more versatile version of Com-
poser, originally designed for 1K and up to 400 notes, expanded to 16K and up to 7000 notes. ean
I decided to transfer a musical piece from manuscript to the computer. Within an hour I completed the entire piece and was able to play it back. I discovered a few errors in my input, but with the editing function I could go backward and forward through the data at will and make the necessary changes in about 10 minutes. I then replayed the piece and was pleased with the results.
The Fantastic Music Machine is the type of package that will wear out long before you lose interest. The uses are al- most endless. Young and old alike will delight in playing with it, and the educa- tional aspects are appealing as well.
The Light Show is a unique program that creates kaleidoscopic patterns which continue indefinitely until you press the ENTER key. The printer will capture the pattern in copy.
Using the menu options, you can go back to simply viewing the ever-chang- ing display, or you can create your own repeating patterns. The patterns change almost instantaneously and the designs produced are entirely random. You can come up with some rather outrageous designs which can be SAVEd.
Simulsion offers a sophisticated and highly entertaining line of software, and this new offering is well worth the price. a
July/Aug 1983 Sync-
ort ise mst. CT EM
THE ANALOG INTERFACE FOR
Smciair
VOTEM is a complete package of hardware and software to enable your computer to measure, display and record voltage and temper- ature. Use your computer to monitor any physical phenomenon (pressure, light, temperature, etc.) that can be represented by a DC voltage. A probe is provided for temperature measurements. Use VOTEM as a “smart” voltmeter/thermometer with storage.
Oct 1982 Syntax- ",..VOTEM is a bargain."
VOTEM also amplifies and cleans up the tape signal to help you overcome LOADing problems experienced by many TS1000 owners.
READ THE li. * Connects to tape input of TS-1000/ZX81/80 RAV I NG fi P: Requires no modifications to computer REV I EWS | a * Easily adapted to other computer systems
* Operate with 1K or more memory
—Resolution: > 14-bit: 0.00005V: 0.02* F: 50ppm — Input Range: O to +1 Volts (easily expanded) —Documentation: 35p manual available separately —Price: $59.95/Assembled E Tested or $39.95/kit —Warranty: 15-day unconditional (A&T units only)
Issue #1 of
Timex Sinclair User- |
"The manual is extremely comprehensive..."
Down East Computers P.O. Box 3096
November/December 1983 © SYNC CIRCLE 25 ON READER SERVICE CARD
$39.95 (Kit) $59.95 (A & T)
Send check or money order plus $3 shipping (US currency) Manual alone: $5pp (applied to first purchase). Write for a FREE detailed product desciption.
Greenville, N.C. 27834 37
Staff: Teacher and Tester
Sharon Zardetto Aker
The ability to name notes on the staff is a necessary skill for even the novice mu- sician. “Staff” is a versatile music edu- cation program that reviews notes from the first ledger line below the staff to the first ledger line above. Although the pro- gram includes the necessary lines for use with the ZON X-81 sound generator, it can be an effective educational program even without sound.
The basic program is in “tester” mode. It will put a note somewhere on the treble staff and wait for you to enter the letter name of the note. It will acknowledge the right answer, and, in the ZON version, play the note. If you do not enter the correct note in three tries, the computer will give the answer, play the note, and go on to the next note. Twenty random notes are presented.
Variations on a Theme “Staff” is easily edited to the “teacher” mode which presents, plays, and identifies in order from the lowest to the highest notes. The range is covered three times. Another variation, used with either the teacher or tester mode, uses the bass clef. Any of the four resulting programs can be used with or without the ZON unit.
Variables C: Register contents (ZON) D: Register number (ZON) R: Round counter N: Note placement number) V: Check for odd/even display line Z: Guess counter G$: Note guessed A$: Name of note T: Counter for loop timing
(display line
Sharon Zardetto Aker, 20 Courtland Dr., Sussex,
NJ 07461.
38
The tester mode puts a note somewhere
on the treble staff and waits for
you to enter the letter name.
Line Notes
The program line notes are presented in two parts: one for the general program and one for the ZON programming. Necessary changes for the program vari- ations are indicated after the line notes. The ZON version is necessarily set up for automatic RUN on LOADing; in order to SAVE the program, enter RUN 5.
ZON notes
1: Machine code loading routine.
3: Loads registers with preparatory values (see subroutine).
107: Channel A tuner.
115, 125: Sets note frequency.
130: Loads note.
131, 132: Single decay envelope.
134: Turns on sound.
200-215: Clear all registers.
220-250: String slicing routine loads registers 7, 8, and 12 to enable channel A tone, enable the envelope, and ‘set en- velope period.
260-275: Adjunct to loading routine in initial REM.
General notes
10-25: Draw staff.
30-70: Draw clef.
85: Places note (inverse space) on staff, with or without ledger lines.
90: Checks for display line number of notes; all odd numbers are notes in spaces; even numbers are notes on lines. V will represent odd; NOT V, even.
110, 120: A$ assignment according to placement of note. Since all values in the
logical statement are evaluated, splitting the possibilities into two IF-THENs speeds the running of the program.
140: Acknowledges a right or wrong answer; identifies note after third wrong guess.
145: 16 spaces, 2 commas, 1 space.
155: Erases note, replacing staff line where necessary. Last parenthetical state- ment has three spaces between the quo- tation marks.
Variations : The following variations may be de- veloped by editing as indicated.
1) Non-ZON
Delete lines 1-9, 107, 115, 125, 130, 131, 132, 134, and all lines from 200 on.
Add:
5 REM “STAFF”
and SAVE the program in the usual way.
Other variations include ZON program lines; delete as necessary.
2) Teacher mode Delete lines 95, 100, 105, 150. Change/add:
toe
AE ATA
= TIT ry a
C0] Fe fe A
La ha Lu ba ha
3) Bass staff
ZON programmers will notice that the notes, although in the correct relationship to each other, are not the correct fre-
November/December 1983 © SYNC
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CIRCLE 10 ON READER SERVICE CARD
Listing 1.
quency for pitch or octave. This is be-
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Occam’s model 2900-Z measurement
system for your ZX-81 or TS-1000 computer measures
USR AIN AND 3 AND TF
Continuous zero and slope correction gives 4-1/3 digit
resolution at a 3-digit price. Built-in ROM eliminates messy REM statements, special tapes, PEEKs and
POKEs. Add real-time measurement to existing pro- grams in seconds. No knowledge of machine language
temperature, DC and AC voltages, DC current, and Through-port allows use with other peripherals, RAM pack. Gold-plated and bifurcated fingers for no-crash (Set ANS to the temperature on channel 3 in degrees F.)
house and get immediate feedback on energy im- frequency with no fussing about.
Monitor your furnace, appliances, solar collector or
Typical command:
“a MA £ res > >
a o> o aa Ks g E g 82
rE eo 2 = = it E Q Š H
| 2 A A : > = pa ea
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|- A EA A | e my Tet seo Ga Ta 1 a tC Ll WW a | mi | ti Cu HUSA cal JE
Measurement System
Teal A be ii dba Yo ae: EARL re Tn Po eae | | ee u" UN Mt TE E IN
A A AS be i r ¡OA Pd | ho CE EE
11
tc wik CE EXp+ =HekkO_ Tee - be Sc = ; he |-~ el <p e oe “ie oe a BR 0 TAO fp lo pe EE a E cy et CE f Hiio Kn E toot pes ot.
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Occam (TM) 2900-Z $89 ppd (USA).
.
. H D
3 As i 107 B }
: rm i = Bi
7 ny
1 ME di Toss de y 2 ihe Soe > EA zO A FA Si de T dE a = We Wii Me La Peso | . HOCE beled son bed be DES T
= eA A E y pe k: iT We Tc a sed et 1 PAU ps ee TR JIM Les A a e e E ARA EE EA ed A ed LO IO ou TP Mins A+ OL AOA Zz + nu
Ch. Howe TS ee EI am M ee i
kee Eb i i EEk Comme E E e Oe oo ee he i ea Ie el LL ELLE EL LOL OL EL CU
The F
To draw the bass clef, replace lines 30-
70 with
value of C in lines 115 and 125 and adding Saen Add:
cause the lower notes need a C value larger than 255, with a load into register D1, a routine that does not fit simply into this particular program. Changing the a subroutine for the second load will give the lower octaves.
* Denotes ZON line.
41
1F 1% 2% 1% 20C 1 count
Accurac
Resolution 0.05F 200uV 200uV 0.02uA 10C 1 count
Range
40..220F Liz
0.3 0..400uA
Specifications -100..1200C 0..10KHz
Measurement Temperature DC Volts
AC Volts
DC Current Thermocouple Frequency
Tech info., call 607-387-5454
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November/December 1983 © SYNC
Making Music
with the ZON X-81 Sharon Zardetto Aker
Programming the ZON, Bi-Pak's sound generator, to play a simple tune is no simple task. On the other hand, it is far from impossible, and this article should be of help to aspiring computer musicians.
Channel Tuning
Although many ZON registers are in- volved in programming a melody, the most confusing to deal with are the tun- ing registers. There are three difficulties involved: finding the correct frequency, determining its load value, and the ac- tual loading process.
While the ZON manual gives the fre- quency of middle C and an impressive formula that will give you the load value from a frequency, you may be at a loss for any note other than C. To find the values you need, there are three things you must know about music theory:
1) If the frequency of a note is dou- bled, or halved, the note changes by an octave.
2) There are 12 semitones, or half- tones, available from any note to its octave.
3) The pattern of tones needed for a major scale (the familiar DO-RE-MI pattern) is: whole tone, whole tone, half tone, whole, whole, whole, half. To- gether with the starting note, that makes eight tones in the scale—an octave. The tones found in a scale are more likely to be together in a song.
The key to programming ZON notes is this: forget about frequencies and work directly with load values.
The load value for middle C is 388. In music, doubling a frequency raises the note an octave, but the ZON works in
Sharon Zardetto Aker, 20 Courtland Dr., Sussex, NJ 07461
42
Aaa some appropriate music to your game programs with the ZON X-81.
reverse: 194 is the load value for the next higher C. Dividing this range (from mid- dle C to its octave) into twelve equal portions gives the figures in Chart 1.
Chart 1. Note load values.
Note Name Load Value C 194 B 210 AH/B' 226 A 242 G#/A° 258 G 274 F#/G° 291 F 306 E 322 D#/E? 338 D 354 C#/D? 371 middle C 388 ______ Chart 2. Loading the tuning registers. Load Second First Value Register Register 972 3 204 738 Z 226 342 1 86 289 1 33 179 0 179
The notes with no sharps or flats (see Chart 1) are the ones needed to get a C major scale—the DO-RE-MI pattern beginning on the note C. You can derive any other note you need by finding its octave from this chart: the G below mid- dle C would be (274*2), while E above this scale is (322/2). You may find it necessary to make some adjustments to
some of the load values for just the right pitch, because the fractional values that were rounded for this scale will be mul- tiplied in another octave. Let your ears be your guide.
Loading the Values
Each channel has two tuning reg- isters, referred to in the manual inaccu- rately as rough and fine tuning. The lower numbered register of each pair (DO, D2, and D4) cannot hold a number higher than 255. Higher values must be split between the two tuning registers, and, while the second register of each pair (D1, D3, D5) can only hold a num- ber up to 16, that number represents a multiple of 256.
To tune channel A for an F, registers DO and D1 must be loaded with a total of 308. D1 will hold the multiples of 256, in this case, 308/256, or 1. The remainder, 42, is put into register DO. See Chart 2 for other examples of load- ing values into the tuning registers.
Programming a Tune
A number of other registers must be attended to in order to make the ZON play a tune. The remainder of this article traces the programming required to play a short piece of music that might be apropriate for the beginning of a new game program. The melody is from the opening bars of Also Sprach Zarathustra, better known as the theme from 2001: A Space Odyssey. The techniques used in the development of this program will have many other applications.
November/December 1983 © SYNC
TIMEX 1000
BUSINESS
Mailing List-Create your own mailing list Inventory Control-Keep track of inventory Financial Analyzer-Spreadsheet
Stock Analyzer-Evaluate stock options Bookkeeping-General bookkeeping system . .
GAMES Packman-As arcadic game Snakebite-One of the best DonkeyKong-Similar to arcade game Quizzer-Do-it-yourself quiz Invaders-Fast machine code
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pg WAR
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Planning the Notes
The melody in this program consists of three single notes (C, G, and octave C) followed by two chords (C major and C minor). Because both chords have two notes in common with the original single notes, it is only necessary to change the
tuning of one channel. Chart 3 shows which notes will be played by which channel. Channel A will be re-tuned for E and Eb because the lower C that it was playing is not needed in the chord.
As each of the single notes is played, the channel tuned to the preceding note
Listing 1.
CRA Y a T
Ma dl
bo TE bebe pe i
Wout Tat be
TO Re TO A Ba en Pit pee
ps eeng queno son etree S
$ m H 1 am | g ev gra
(E ma | EX — H oe
rt rope mn Je nt
DY ep U TET
ed ETET pO be ETB [aa
pe Nad WE E Le
| 1" !
1] z -al
8 rm | |
—; ~ = ~; _ —; ot